Hypercalcemia is defined as an abnormally high level of calcium in the bloodstream. This is generally the consequence of kidney damage, a malignant tumor or other underlying pathologies.

Hypercalcemia is characterized by an excessive level of calcium in the blood. It is defined as more than 2.60 mmol of calcium per liter of blood (calcium> 2.60 mmol / L).

Hypercalcemia must be identified, diagnosed and treated as quickly as possible in order to limit the serious consequences. In addition, this condition is generally linked to an organ failure or even a malignant tumor (capable of developing into cancer).

Each individual can be affected by hypercalcemia. However, people with kidney disease, taking drugs containing vitamin D, or patients with a malignant tumor, are more prone to the risk of hypercalcemia.

Different levels of importance of hypercalcemia are to be distinguished:

• between 2.60 and 3.00 mmol / L, the medical emergency is not systematic
• between 3.00 and 3.50 mmol / L, medical emergency may be necessary
• above 3.50 mmol / L, hypercalcemia must be dealt with urgently.

Therefore, the level of hypercalcemia is directly related to the importance of the associated symptoms.

The primary cause of hypercalcemia is the presence of underlying kidney disease.

Other origins can be associated with this affectation:

• hyperparathyroidism (abnormally high production of parathyroid hormones)
• certain treatments containing vitamin D
• the presence of a malignant tumor
• hyperthyroidism

The evolutions and complications of this disease are similar to more important anomalies of the renal system.

Additionally, hypercalcemia may be a consequence of the presence of an underlying malignant tumor. Early diagnosis and identification of this cause can reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Hypercalcemia less than 3.50 mmol / L is relatively common. This is a little or no symptomatic condition.

For more substantial cases, the atypical symptoms are:

• significant need to urinate (polyuria)
• intense thirst (polydypsia)
• nausea and vomiting
• constipation
• general weakness of the body
• depressive symptoms
• drowsiness and confusion
• bone pain
• kidney stones (crystal formations blocking the kidney system)

The risk factors associated with hypercalcemia are: the presence of underlying renal disease, malignant tumor or other disease.

Taking certain medications, especially NSAIDs, may present an additional risk. Vitamin D toxicity to be another.

Drug treatments exist in the management of hypercalcemia.

Diphosphonate, by intravenous (IV) injection is particularly effective as an outpatient treatment and improves the quality of life of patients.

In the context of other clinical signs: neurological damage, dehydration, etc. the basic treatment can be supplemented by mineralocorticoids, or by IV rehydration.