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Aging is a natural and very understandable process. But scientists still do not agree on what exactly causes the body to wear out. We talk about three groups of theories that try to explain the causes of aging
Theories of programmed aging
Within these theories, scientists argue that the human body is built in such a way that it will eventually grow old, and a certain lifespan is built into our cells. For example:
- genetic theory suggests that in the human body there are separate genes that are sometimes “turned on” than provoke aging;
- endocrine theory believes that aging is caused by changes in hormone production;
- immune theory argues that human immunity is based on its gradual weakening, which ultimately leads to an increase in disease, aging and death.
Many scientists support the theories of programmed aging. However, they have a serious drawback: they do not take into account factors such as smoking or physical inactivity. Although many studies have shown that they significantly affect life expectancy.
Damage theories
Within these theories, scientists argue that aging is caused by random processes in cells. For example:
- export theory argues that cells are increasingly destroyed and damaged over time;
- theory of genomic instability suggests that the body eventually loses the ability to repair the damage done to its DNA;
- cross-conjugation theory states that aging is caused by proteins bound in a special way that destroy cells and slow down biological processes;
- free radical theory suggests that aging is due to the damage done to the body by free radicals – atoms or molecules containing unpaired electrons.
Genetic theories of aging
Within these theories, scientists argue that aging primarily depends on the genes that we received from our parents. For example:
- telomeric theory argues that aging is caused by the deterioration of telomeres – the ends of DNA that hold it like plastic tips on shoelaces;
- stem cell theory says that they can turn into other cells and thus help restore organs, but over time, stem cells begin to perform their functions worse;
- longevity gene theory suggests that some genes can increase lifespan, and the rate of aging depends on their content in the body.
Why women live longer
In most countries, women live longer than men. There are a number of reasons for this. For example, the female body has large reserves of the hormone estrogen, which has an anti-inflammatory effect and strengthens the immune system. Due to this, women get sick less. The male hormone testosterone, on the contrary, can suppress the immune system. In addition, behavioral aspects play an important role. According to research, compared to men, women:
- eat better;
- drive more carefully;
- use less tobacco, alcohol and other drugs;
- are more likely to seek medical attention.
How to help prolong life
Although science has not yet reached a consensus on the causes of aging, these lifestyle habits will contribute to its distance:
- Eat right. Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal proteins from lean meats. Cut down on processed foods.
- Be active. Movement slows down mental and physical aging. You need to devote at least half an hour every day to him.
- Do not smoke. Nicotine accelerates aging at times.
- Reduce your alcohol intake. It increases the risk of developing chronic diseases.
- Go to checkups. A comprehensive examination of the body allows you to prevent diseases in the early stages.
- Take a family medical history. Knowing what close relatives were sick with will help you understand what aspects of your health you should pay closer attention to.