Where fir grows

The fir looks like a skillfully made craft – a symmetrical crown with clear contours, even branches, identical needles. The needles are almost non-thorny, pleasant to the touch, very beautiful and fragrant. Fir shoots are readily used by florists, not only for making bouquets, but also for decorating rooms for celebrations.

The economic importance of the breed is also great: wood is sawn timber and is used to make paper, medicines are made from needles and cones. The needles contain essential oils used in medicine and the perfume industry. Resin is considered by folk healers to be a universal natural substitute for antibiotics.

What does a fir tree look like

Abies or Fir belongs to gymnosperms from the Pine family (Pinaceae). The genus includes, according to various sources, from 48 to 55 species, often very similar to each other to such an extent that only a specialist can distinguish them.

From afar, the plant can be mistaken for spruce, but in fact, fir in the Pine family is closest to cedar. Even an ordinary conifer lover will definitely pay attention to cones growing upwards, which is typical for the genera Abies and Cedrus.

Young trees form a crown of the correct conical or spire shape. With age, it is somewhat deformed, becomes wider, flattened or rounded. All types of fir trees are quite homogeneous and similar to each other, they have one straight trunk, which can only slightly bend at high altitude.

Branching is very dense. Shoots grow strictly in a spiral, making one revolution per year. This way you can even determine the exact age of a fir without cutting down the tree to count the rings. The branches are located in a horizontal plane, close to the ground, in contact with which they are able to take root. Then a new tree grows next to the old fir.

On young trunks and branches, the bark is smooth, thin, pierced with resin passages that form nodules. Outside, they can be detected by noticeable bulges. In old trees, the bark cracks, becomes thick.

The tap root goes deep into the ground.

How tall is the fir

The height of an adult fir tree ranges from 10 to 80 m, and depends not only on the species. Plants will never reach their maximum size:

• in culture;
• with poor environmental conditions in the region;
• high in the mountains.

It is noteworthy that for the first 10 years the culture grows very slowly, then the pace increases noticeably. The tree increases in size until the end of life.

The diameter of the crown of a fir growing singly in an open area is usually (but not always) more than 1/3, but less than 1/2 of the height. But in nature, the culture often forms dense dark forests, where the trees are located close to each other. There the crown will be much narrower.

The diameter of the trunk can be from 0,5 to 4 m.

The location and length of the needles of a fir

When identifying species, one of the distinguishing features is the size and arrangement of needles in fir. For all, the common thing is that the needles are single, flat, arranged in a spiral, with two white stripes on the underside. From above they are dark green, glossy.

The tips of the needles can be blunt or serrated, the shape is lanceolate. The needles reach a length of 15 to 35 mm with a width of 1-1,5 mm, rarely up to 3 mm. When rubbed, they give off a pleasant aroma.

On the tree, the needles last 5 years or more (on average, from 5 to 15 seasons), the longest – in the Pretty Fir (Abies amabilis). According to the American Gymnosperm Database, this species does not shed its needles until 53 years of age.

By and large, fastening needles on a tree can be divided into three large types, although, in fact, they are still located in a spiral.

In addition, the location of the needles on the shoots depends on many factors, namely:

• type of fir;
• needle age;
• the degree of illumination of the shoots.

But amateur gardeners need to know what the needles might look like, because in regions where this crop is rarely grown, they have doubts about the tree’s generic affiliation. Often the owners of private plots complain: “I bought fir, but it’s not clear what has grown, but its needles should be located differently.” So:

1. The needles point upward, like the bristles of a toothbrush.

   

2. The needles are fastened in a circle (in fact, in a spiral), like a brush.

   

3. The needles are arranged symmetrically on the twig, as on a double-sided comb. Most often, such needles are formed on lateral shoots.

   

Different needles can grow on one tree. Located inside the crown or on the lower branches deprived of light, the needles will in any case differ from the apical ones, well lit, and the young ones are unlike mature ones. When identifying species, they always focus on adult needles.

Falling off, the needles leave a well-marked trace similar to a convex disk on the shoot.

How fir blossoms

The beginning of fir fruiting in dark forests begins by the age of 60 or 70. Single trees growing in an open sunny place bloom twice as early.

Male pollen cones are solitary, but grow in large dense groups on the last year’s shoots, open in spring. After releasing the pollen, they soon fall off, leaving yellowish convex traces on the branches.

Female flowers – reddish-violet or green, solitary, located only on the upper part of the crown. They are directed upwards, growing on branches that appeared last season.

What do fir cones look like

Fir refers to coniferous trees with cones located strictly vertically. They ripen in one season and look very decorative.

Photo of fir with cones

The size, shape and density of fir cones depend on the species. They may or may not be resinous, from ovate-oblong to cylindrical or fusiform. The length of the cones varies between 5-20 cm, young ones can be purple, greenish, reddish, but turn brown by the end of the season.

As the winged seeds mature, the scales become woody and fall off. Only the axis of the cone remains on the tree, looking like a giant thorn. This is best seen in the photo.

Where fir grows in Our Country and in the world

Fir is common in Europe, North America and Africa. On the Asian continent, it grows in South China, the Himalayas, and Taiwan.

Only the Siberian Fir in Our Country and the Balsam Fir in North America inhabit the plains or low hills. The range of the rest of the genus is limited to mountain ranges located in a temperate and subtropical climate.

Our Country is home to 10 species of fir, the most common of which is Siberian, the only one of the genus that goes beyond the Arctic Circle in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. In the Caucasus, there is a relic Nordman, the range of Belokoroy is spread in the mountains of Northern China, the Far East and Korea. The Graceful or Kamchatskaya listed in the Red Book is limited by the territory of the Kronotsky Reserve (15-20 hectares).

How fir grows

Unlike most coniferous crops, fir is demanding on growing conditions. Most species are quite thermophilic, and some do not tolerate frost at all. Only fir trees growing in the taiga zone differ in relative resistance to low temperatures, but they cannot be compared with other conifers in this regard.

The culture is demanding on soil fertility, needs protection from strong winds, but it is exceptionally shade-tolerant. It does not tolerate drought or waterlogging. A species tree will not grow in megacities or where there is any air or groundwater pollution. Varieties are more hardy.

How many years does a fir live

The average life span of species firs is considered to be 300-500 years. The oldest tree whose age is officially confirmed is Abies amabilis growing in the Baker-Snoqualmie National Park (Washington), she is 725 years old.

Description of varieties of fir with a photo

Although the culture is considered to be quite homogeneous, a description of the most common types and varieties of fir with a photo will be useful for amateur gardeners. This way they can get to know the Abies genus better and, if necessary, choose a tree to grow on the site.

Balsam fir

The species grows in Canada and the northern United States. Forms mixed coniferous forests with hemlock, spruce, pine and deciduous trees. Abies balsamea is most often located in the lowlands, but sometimes rises to the mountains up to a height of no more than 2500 m.

Balsam fir forms a slender tree 15-25 m high with a trunk 50-80 cm in diameter. The crown is regular, rather narrow, conical or narrow pyramidal.

In separate trees, branches descend to the ground, take root. Several young plants grow next to an adult fir, which looks quite impressive.

The grayish-brown bark is smooth, covered with large resinous tubercles. Buds are round, strongly resinous. The needles are fragrant, dark green in the upper part, silvery below, 1,5-3,5 cm long, lives 5 years.

The tree begins to bear fruit after 20-30 years and gives a good harvest every 2-3 years. Cones strongly resinous, 5-10 cm long, 2-2,5 cm thick, purple. They ripen, turn brown and fall off usually in September-October. Seeds are winged, 5-8 mm in size, brown with a violet hue.

The species is shade-tolerant and relatively resistant to air pollution. Balsam fir, unlike other species, has a weak root system and can suffer from windbreak. The tree lives from 150 to 200 years and winters without shelter in zone 3.

Closely related to Balsam Fir is Abies fraseri (Fraser), which some botanists do not consider an independent species. It grows somewhat lower, hardy in zone 4, heavily affected by pests, but very beautiful.

Siberian fir

In Our Country, the species is a forest-forming species for Western Siberia, Altai, Buryatia, Yakutia, and the Urals. Abies siberica grows in the European part in the east and northeast. Distributed in China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia. It grows both in the mountains, rising up to 2400 m above sea level, and in river valleys.

Siberian fir is considered the most hardy species, and can withstand frosts down to -50 ° C. It tolerates shade well, rarely lives longer than 200 years due to wood decay.

Forms a slender tree 30-35 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 50-100 cm and a conical crown. The bark is smooth, greenish-gray to grey-brown, with prominent resin blisters.

The needles are from 2 to 3 cm long and 1,5 mm wide, the outer side is green, below with two whitish stripes, lives 7-10 years. The needles have a strong aroma.

Seed cones are cylindrical, 5-9,5 cm long, 2,5-3,5 cm thick. As it matures, the color changes from bluish to brown. Seeds about 7 mm in size are equipped with a wing of the same size or twice as large.

Korean fir

The species was found on Jeju Island, now South Korea, in 1907. There, Abies koreana grows in the mountains at an altitude of 1000-1900 m, in a warm climate with a lot of rainfall throughout the year.

The species is distinguished by rather moderate growth – 9-18 m, a thick trunk, the diameter of which reaches 1-2 m, and high-quality wood. In addition, it is a valuable ornamental crop, which has given many beautiful varieties, including undersized ones.

The bark of the tree is rough, yellowish in youth, covered with a thin pile, with time it acquires a purple hue. Buds are resinous, oval, chestnut to red. The needles are dense, bright green above, bluish-white below, 1-2 cm long, 2-3 mm wide.

Oval cones with a blunt top appear very early – at 7-8 years. At first they are painted in a bluish-gray color, then they become purple-violet, when ripe – brown. In length they reach 5-7 cm with a width of 2,5-4 cm.

Frost resistance limit – zone 5, resistance to urban conditions is low. Korean fir lives from 50 to 150 years.

Nordman fir

There are two subspecies of Abies nordmanniana, which some botanists tend to consider as separate species:

• Caucasian fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. Nordmanniana), growing west of 36° east longitude, is distinguished by pubescent shoots;
• Turkish fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani), living east of 36 ° E. which are characterized by bare branches.

It grows at an altitude of 1200-2000 m and forms pure fir forests, or is adjacent to aspen, oriental spruce, maple, mountain ash.

It is a coniferous tree up to 60 m high with a trunk diameter of 1-2 m. The gray bark is smooth, with oval marks left by fallen branches. Young branches are yellow-green, smooth or pubescent, depending on the subspecies.

The species grows relatively quickly. Resin buds do not contain. Dark green above, silvery below, needles up to 4 cm long are kept on the tree for 9-13 years. Cones are oval-cylindrical, large, 12-20 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, greenish at first, turning brown when ripe.

The description of the Nordmann fir tree cannot convey its beauty – this species is considered one of the most decorative, but varieties are more often used in culture. Winters in zone 5, lives 500 years.

The tree has a strong root system and is wind resistant.

White-crested fir

In Our Country, the species Abies nephrolepis is distributed in the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, Primorsky Territory and in the south of Khabarovsk. The Whitebark Fir is also native to the northeast of China, North and South Korea. Trees grow at an altitude of 500-700 m above sea level in the north of the range, climb up to 750-2000 m along the southern ridges.

It forms a tree with a narrow conical crown about 30 m high, with a trunk diameter of 35-50 cm. The species got its name due to the silver-gray smooth bark, darkening with age. The trunk is covered with resin-filled nodules.

The needles are flat, pointed at the end, 1-3 cm long, 1,5-2 mm wide, dark green above, below with two whitish stomatal stripes. The needles are arranged in a spiral, but twisted at the base so that a visual effect of a double-sided comb is created.

The usual length of seed cones is 4,5-7 cm, width up to 3 cm. When young, they are green or purple, when ripe they become gray-brown. Buds are often (but not always) resinous.

The species is shade-tolerant, resistant to low temperatures, trees live 150-180 years.

White Fir

The species is often referred to as European or Common Fir. The range is located in the mountains of central and southern Europe, extends from the Pyrenees to Normandy to the north, includes the Alps and Carpathians, southern Italy, northern Serbia. Abies alba grows at an altitude of 300 to 1700 m.

It is a large coniferous tree with a height of about 40-50, in exceptional cases – up to 60 m. The trunk measured at chest height has a diameter of up to 1,5 m.

The plant forms a cone-shaped crown, which in old age becomes rounded and becomes almost cylindrical, with a blunt, nest-like top. The bark is smooth, gray, sometimes with a reddish tint, cracking in the lower part of the trunk with age.

The needles are 2-3 cm long, 2 mm wide, obtuse, dark green in the upper part, on the reverse side there are two clearly visible white stripes. Lives 6-9 years. Buds are ovoid, usually without resin.

The buds are resinous. They appear on the tree after 20-50 years, rather large, oval-cylindrical, with a blunt top, young ones are green, when ripe they turn dark brown. The length of the cones reaches 10-16 cm, the thickness is 3-4 cm.

The species is shade tolerant, very sensitive to air pollution. The tree lives 300-400 years, winters in zone 5.

Vicha fir

This species should be singled out because Abies veitchii is more resistant to air pollution than others and makes high demands on illumination. Vicha fir grows on the Japanese island of Honshu, where it climbs into the mountains at 1600-1900 m.

The tree grows relatively quickly even at a young age, reaches a height of 30-40 m, forms a loose pyramidal crown. The branches are located in a horizontal plane, the bark is grayish, smooth even in old age.

The needles are thick, soft, curved, up to 2,5 cm long, 2 mm wide. Needles growing inside the crown are shorter and more straight than those located outside. Coloring, as in other species – the upper side is dark green, the reverse seems silvery due to two white stripes.

Cylindrical, slightly tapering at the top, purple-violet when young, turning brown when ripe. Their length reaches 4-7 cm. Seeds are yellowish.

The tree lives 200-300 years, hibernates in zone three.

Fir Single Color

One of the most decorative species is Abies concolor, growing along the Pacific coast of the western part of North America at an altitude of 700-2000 m. In the Rocky Mountains, plants climb to 2400-3000 m.

The species is a tree 40-50 m tall with a trunk diameter of 1-1,5 m. By the age of 10, it stretches up to 2,2 m. The crown is symmetrical, beautiful, cone-shaped, with low-growing horizontal branches. Only at the end of life does it become rarefied.

Ash-gray bark is thick, covered with cracks. Resinous buds are spherical.

One-color fir got its name due to the uniform color of the needles – matte, bluish-green on both sides. Needles are soft and narrow, 1,5-6 cm long, have a strong aroma.

Single-colored fir bears fruit every 3 years. The cones are oval-cylindrical, 8-15 cm long and 3-4,5 cm thick. Their color changes from olive green to dark purple, turning brown when ripe.

This is the most sun-loving species, tolerates air smoke well, lives up to 350 years. Winters in zone 4. The root system is powerful, the tree is not afraid of wind.

The view is very popular in landscape design. As you can see in the photo, fir has blue, evenly colored needles, and this color has always been valued among conifers.

The best varieties of fir for the Moscow region

Although fir is considered a heat-loving crop, it is not difficult to choose a suitable variety for the Moscow region. In order not to create unnecessary problems for yourself, you need to choose trees that can winter in zone 4 or less without shelter.

Dwarf varieties of fir for the Moscow region can also be planted with less resistance to low temperatures – they are easy to protect from the cold. But there is not much point in this – the choice is already so great, you just need to carefully look at the trees, and not be limited to the first garden center that comes across.

Fir White Green Spiral

An old variety obtained from a mutated twig in 1916 by the Asheville Nursery (North Carolina). Abies alba Green Spiral received the name Green Spiral only in 1979, previously sold under the name Tortuosa.

Variety Green Spiral is a semi-dwarf coniferous tree with a “weeping” crown. Forms a strong central conductor, around which lateral shoots are arranged in a spiral, curving and drooping.

Fir reproduces only by grafting, the shape of the crown and the height of the tree depend on its height, pruning, and the presence or absence of a support. The maximum length of the main conductor is 9 m, by the age of 10 without trimming it can reach 4 m.

The needles are short, dense, green, silvery below. Frost resistance – zone 4.

Photo of a fir tree with a drooping crown of the Green Spiral variety

Fir Single Color Blue Clock

A very beautiful, fir tree-like variety of blue fir, Abies concolor Blue Cloak, has gained immense popularity, but its origins are obscure. It is believed that a seedling of a unique shape and color was selected in the late 90s of the last century by employees of the University of Michigan.

Monochromatic Blue Clock fir grows rapidly, starting from a young age, adding 20 cm each season. At 10 years old, the height of the tree reaches 2 m with a width of 1,3 m.

The shape of the crown is very similar to the classic spruce. From a strong straight trunk depart slightly rising at the ends, curved in an arc or gently sagging in the middle part of the shoots. The needles are thin, soft, pale blue.

The tree should be planted in a sunny position with good drainage. The Blue Cloak variety winters without shelter in the fourth frost resistance zone.

Fraser Fir Kline’s Nest

The compact Abies fraseri Klein’s Nest would be classified by some biologists as a balsam fir, since the question of whether Fraser’s species is independent remains open. The variety was introduced to the attention of the public by the Pennsylvania nursery Raraflora in 1970.

This fir is remarkable in that it grows small, but gives bumps. This only adds to the decorative effect of an already attractive tree. The variety grows slowly, adding 6-10 cm per year, by the age of 10 it reaches a maximum of 1 m in height with a crown diameter of 60 cm.

The needles of Klein’s Nest are glossy green, noticeably shorter than those of the species tree, and the buds are purple. Grows without shelter in zone 4.

Fir Korean Silverlock

The name of the dwarf variety Abies koreana Silberlocke translates as Silver Curls. It was bred by Günter Horstmann from Germany in 1979. The correct name of the variety is Horstmanns Silberlocke, as its creator insists, but the abbreviated name has taken root and is used by many nurseries.

Silverlock is an amazingly beautiful Korean fir. The needles twist towards the top of the shoot, exposing the silvery underside of the flat needles. The annual growth is 10-15 cm.

On an adult tree, the needles twist less, but still bend a little, revealing the silver-plated underside of the needles. The Silverlock fir crown forms a conical, symmetrical. The variety winters in zone 4 without shelter.

Siberian Fir Liptovsky Gradok

Globular fir Abies sibirica Liptovsky Hradok is a relatively new variety, created from a witch’s broom found by the nursery of Edwin Smith (Netherlands) in 2009. Today, it remains quite rare and expensive, as it propagates only by grafting. Why a variety of Siberian fir, created by a Dutch breeder, is named after a city from Slovakia, even compilers of catalogs are perplexed.

Liptovsky Gradok forms a compact, irregular crown, which for some reason is called spherical. It is impossible to create a ball out of it without trimming, which, by the way, firs do not tolerate very well. But the tree is so charming, and invariably attracts attention.

Fir is decorated not only with short light green needles of unequal length, but also with large, round, light brown buds. The variety is considered one of the most winter-hardy and miniature – at 10 years old it barely reaches a size of 30 cm, and winters in zone 2 without shelter.

Fir Lithuanian Gradok suffers greatly from the heat, it is not recommended to plant it in zone 6. In the fifth, you should choose a place protected from the sun and drying wind.

Dwarf varieties of fir

Low-growing varieties of fir are traditionally in high demand. You can place them even in the smallest garden, and on a large plot, tiny trees usually decorate the front area. Since fir is a large plant, the height of which is calculated in tens of meters, real dwarfs are obtained exclusively from witches’ brooms and propagated by vaccination. Therefore, such trees are expensive, and you can search for the variety you like on sale for a long time.

Fir Nordmann Berlin

From a witch’s broom found in 1989, the German breeder Günter Eschrich developed the Abies nordmanniana Berlin variety. Often the word Dylem or Dalheim is added to the name, indicating the place of origin of the tree, but this is not correct. Fans should be aware that this is the same variety.

Berlin is a real dwarf fir with a flattened spherical crown. Branching is multi-layered, dense, needles are short, rigid. The upper part of the needles is green, the lower one is silver.

The annual growth is about 5 cm, in 10 years the fir will reach a height of 30 cm with a width of 60 cm. The variety is adapted for growing in full sun, withstands urban conditions satisfactorily. Berlin fir winters in zone 4.

Fir White Pygmy

An extremely attractive dwarf variety of white fir, apparently derived from a witch’s broom, of unknown origin. The first description of Abies alba Pygmy was given in the 1990 catalog of the Dutch cattery Wiel Linssen.

White Pygmy Fir forms a more or less rounded crown with needles that are green and shiny at the top, silvery below. Since the branches are raised up, an interesting visual effect is created, which can be clearly seen in the photo.

The annual growth is 2,5 cm or less, by the age of 10 the fir forms a ball, the diameter of which is at best about 30 cm. The variety winters in the fourth zone.

Balsam Fir Bear Swamp

This miniature pretty balsam fir got its name because of the place where the witch’s broom was found, which gave rise to the variety. The creator of the cultivar, the famous American breeder Greg Williams, claims that Abies balsamea Bear Swamp is one of his best varieties.

Balsam Fir Bear Swamp first forms a rounded crown. Over time, the tree stretches and gradually the contours become conical. Needles are dark green, short.

The variety of fir Bear Swamp is a real gnome, growing extremely slowly. During the year, the size of the tree increases by 2,5 cm. At 10 years old, the height and diameter reach 30 cm.

Fir can be grown without shelter for the winter in zone 3.

Fir Vicha Kramer

The variety was created from a witch’s broom by the German nursery Kramer, after whom it was named. Abies veitchii Kramer is propagated only by grafting and is a tiny, symmetrical tree.

Fir growth is only 5 cm per season. At 10 years old, the tree reaches a height of 40 cm and a width of 30 cm. The young needles are light green, decorated with white stripes on the reverse side, darken a little by the end of summer, but not as much as that of the Vicha species fir.

The variety is quite winter-hardy in zone 3.

Fir Siberian Lukash

A miniature Polish fir variety created from a mutated sapling rather than most dwarfs by cloning a witch’s broom. Authorship belongs to Andrzej Potrzebowski. Siberian fir Lukash was released for sale by the nursery of Janusz Shevchik.

Experts believe that the variety is similar in structure to the famous Canadian Konik spruce. Fir forms a very dense tree with a conical narrow crown, and shoots directed upwards at an acute angle to the trunk.

The needles are hard, light green. At 10 years old, the tree reaches a height of 1 m with a crown diameter of 50 cm. The Siberian fir variety Lukash is highly winter-hardy and is intended for zone 2.

Features of planting and caring for fir

Fir is a more demanding crop than most conifers. It grows on fertile soils, does not tolerate waterlogging or drying out of the soil. When looking for a place for a tree, you need to pay attention to how much light it needs, focusing on the description of the variety, and not just the species.

Not all firs endure windfall, but the description of the varieties does not mention this. So it is better to place a tree in a protected place, especially a tall or medium-sized one.

When planting fir, drainage is of great importance. If it is not placed at the bottom of the hole with a layer of at least 20 cm, this will most likely lead to the death of the tree. The approximate composition of the soil mixture for fir:

• leaf humus;
• clay;
• peat;
• sand.

The ratio of components is 3:2:1:1.

In addition, 250-300 g of nitroammophoska and a bucket of rotted sawdust are added to each planting pit. Fresh ones will lead to the death of fir – they will begin to rot right in the ground and burn the root. If there are no sawdust, they need to be removed. Or plant a different crop. Of course, rotted sawdust can be replaced with worked-out high-moor peat, but it still needs to be found, the usual one will not work. Coconut fiber or sphagnum moss will do, but it will be too expensive.

Fir also needs to be watered regularly, but not brought to waterlogging, fed, mulched. Only young trees planted this or last season are sheltered for the winter.

Trees at the age of 5 to 10 years take root best of all. It is these seedlings that most often go on sale.

The most common cause of death of fir trees is insufficient care, overflow and air pollution. This culture, although considered unpretentious, is actually very sensitive.

Among the pests it is worth highlighting:

• fir moth;
• Siberian silkworm;
• Butterfly Nun;
• fir-fir hermes.

Fir, especially North American species or varieties derived from them, suffers greatly from temperature changes day and night. In the worst case, it can even lead to the death of the tree.

Interesting Fir Facts

The bark of the culture is used in the manufacture of balsam, and the needles and young branches are used for fir oil.

Freshly cut branches contain so many phytoncides that they can destroy microbes in the room.

The aroma of fir is strong, but it is completely different from spruce.

From the branches make excellent bath brooms.

In famine times, the bark was crushed and baked bread – this is not very tasty and nutritious, but it allowed to hold out.

Fir is easily propagated by layering. Often branches simply fall to the ground and take root.

The culture grows in Siberia, the Far East and the Urals, but is rarely found in central Our Country.

There is practically no undergrowth in the fir forests, since the branches of the main breed begin to grow very low.

The Trojan horse was made from Kefallinian fir.

It is believed that the branches of this tree protect against witchcraft and help the dead in the other world.

Conclusion

Fir looks majestic, has many excellent varieties. Particularly attractive in the culture is a symmetrical crown, beautiful, as if artificial needles, and purple or green cones directed vertically upwards. The distribution of fir is limited only by low resistance to anthropogenic pollution.