Urinary system diseases – what are the most common?

After taking legal highs, the sphincters may not be able to withstand, which results in urinary incontinence and lack of control over other physiological activities.

The male urethra is a long tube that not only passes urine out, but also allows sperm to be released. The female is several times shorter. Urethritis occurs as a result of infection with the most common sexually transmitted microorganisms: gonorrhea, trichomoniasis or chlamydia. It can also be the result of an injury, e.g. on a bicycle. It is manifested by painful urination, which may be cloudy or with blood, the appearance of discharge from the penis and a change in vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse. The disease can also develop asymptomatically. It is diagnosed on the basis of a smear taken from the urethra. It is treated with antibiotics, usually about two weeks. The patient’s sexual partners also need to be overcome. Sometimes, if the urethra narrows as a result of inflammation, surgical intervention is required. A cable with a camera and a surgical tool is inserted into the coil and the narrowing is removed. photo: Shutterstock / jaboo2foto

It is a common disease that affects mainly women. Most cases are caused by the enteric Escherichia coli passing through the urethra into the bladder. In men, it is most often caused by urine retention, e.g. in benign prostatic hyperplasia or urethral stricture. It manifests itself as a feeling of constant urge to urinate, painful urine excretion, haematuria, and sometimes fever. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a urine test. Requires the administration of antibiotics. If patients have recurrent cystitis, prolonged treatment or urine cultures and an antibiogram must be performed. It is also recommended to drink plenty of fluids and take vitamin C. You can eat cranberry or cranberry preparations as a preventive measure. photo: Shutterstock / Sebastian Kaulitzki

Urinary tract infections can allow bacteria to enter the kidneys, causing pyelonephritis. In the acute form of the disease, there is sudden, intense pain in the lumbar region, which may radiate to the groin, moreover, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, pain during urination, pollakiuria, and haematuria. The chronic form is mildly or asymptomatic, up to the advanced stage of chronic renal failure. The disease is diagnosed by examining urine, blood, and ultrasound. In rare cases, the doctor decides to perform a kidney biopsy. Most often it is treated with antibiotics. photo: Shutterstock / Sebastian Kaulitzki

The cause of glomerulonephritis is a malfunction of the immune system.

The most common causes of acute interstitial nephritis are antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen. It can also be caused

Nephrolithiasis most often occurs between the ages of 30 and 50. The most common symptom of urolithiasis is severe, sharp pain in the lumbar region, radiating downward towards the bladder, urethra and outer thigh. This pain is called renal colic. Small stones can be excreted from the kidneys in urine. In most cases, large kidney stones are removed by lithotripsy. The diagnosis of urolithiasis is based on ultrasound of the kidneys and urine examination. Photo BE&W

These are fluid-filled spaces within the kidney’s parenchyma, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. They usually don’t cause any symptoms. If they are large, they can cause pain in the side, lumbar region, or a feeling of tightness in the abdomen. They are diagnosed by ultrasound, tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. If a kidney cyst causes discomfort or puts pressure on adjacent organs, treatment consists of inserting a needle into the cyst and emptying it, and injecting a substance that causes it to “grow over”. It can also be surgically removed, also by laparoscopy. Simple kidney cysts that do not cause discomfort require only observation. photo: Shutterstock / Santibhavank P

It manifests as hematuria and is therefore often misdiagnosed as cystitis. It is an extremely malignant neoplasm and the best prognosis is for patients in whom it is diagnosed quickly. Smoking increases the risk of getting sick.

It is an insidious type of cancer because it takes a long time to develop without any discomfort. It most threatens men over 45 and women over 55. There are also cases of sickness among young people. It is most often detected accidentally. Haematuria and a palpable tumor indicate that the disease is advanced. Surgical removal of the tumor is the most effective treatment for kidney cancer, as the tumor is poorly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. After the removal of the kidney in 20-50% of patients it takes about 3 years to relapse. photo: Shutterstock / Sebastian Kaulitzki