Disability, according to the definition of the World’s Health Organization – World Health Organization, is a limitation or inability to perform activities in a manner or to the extent considered normal for a person, resulting from damage and impairment of the body’s functions.
We divide disability according to its type and degree.
The term disability is used interchangeably with the term disability. Disabled people cannot function independently in everyday life due to congenital or acquired limitations. The effects of disability are classified into three groups: damage, incapacity, and role restriction. Damage is defined as an acquired or congenital disturbance in the physical development of the body, visible in appearance or movement, as well as disturbances in the functions of internal organs, permanently limiting the exercise and functioning of the body. The inability is a reflection of the effects of the failure. Role limitations are the result of damage and incapacity that affect the social functioning of the person with a disability.
The degrees of disability are defined as significant, moderate and light, depending on the limitation of independence, individual and social functioning of the disabled person.
The types of disability may occur together or individually. There are six types of disability.
The first type of disability is reduced sensory efficiency, i.e. a disturbance of the sense of sight and hearing. In the case of this type of disability, a complete lack, damage or disturbance of the functions of the nervous system used to perceive sensory stimuli is diagnosed. Reduced sensory efficiency is found in the blind, visually impaired, deaf and hearing impaired people.
The second type of disability is reduced intellectual performance, i.e. a deficit of skills. Intellectual disability is characterized by mentally retarded people. Mental retardation can be congenital – caused by internal factors such as developmental defects, damage to the nervous system, genetic damage and abnormalities, endocrine disorders, diseases causing systemic infections. Mental disability can also be acquired, caused by brain damage. Acquired intellectual disabilities include, for example, senile dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as limitations caused by brain damage from accidents, hypoxia, or trauma.
The third type of disability is reduced efficiency of social functioning. This type of disability occurs in the early years of life as a nervous balance disorder, i.e. the so-called childhood nervousness, manifested by excessive mobility, sleep disturbances, anxiety and apathy, as well as emotional imbalance – symptoms of chronic stress and depression. In this case, there are mental health disorders, which are usually the result of abnormalities in the functioning of the child’s family and environment, which affects the formation of his nervous system and behavior.
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The fourth distinguished type of disability is reduced communication skills, i.e. hindered verbal (verbal) contact. This type of disability affects people suffering from dysglosia, i.e. speech disorders resulting from abnormal physical development manifested by incorrect functioning of the speech apparatus or the mouth and tongue itself. Another speech disorder is aphasia, which is the loss of previously properly functioning speaking skills due to, for example, post-traumatic shock or other mental disorders. Difficult communication also applies to people who stutter and also suffer from autism, i.e. a developmental disorder consisting in problems with establishing social relationships and communicating feelings. Reduced communication efficiency is also found in people diagnosed with mutism, i.e. a complete lack or limitation of verbal communication, resulting from mental illness (mute).
The fifth type of disability is reduced mobility, found in people with congenital or acquired dysfunctions of the musculoskeletal system caused by damage or diseases of internal organs. Movement impairment may also be associated with the occurrence of cerebral palsy, or Little’s disease, in a disabled person. Children’s cerebral palsy is associated with damage to the central nervous system, which results in movement and posture disorders, such as, for example, muscle flaccidity or asymmetry of the body system and muscle development.
The sixth type of disability is reduced psychophysical fitness caused by somatic diseases. Somatic diseases are associated with organ changes, but their development is influenced by psychological factors, such as, for example, chronic stress or depression. Examples of somatic diseases are asthma, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and cancer.