Truth

Truth is the opposite of falsehood; all that is true, authentic, exact, fair, whatever it is.

True, true, true, accurate, genuine, real, the same, existing. Essence is the essence, essence, the very essence, the essence of the object. The essence of man is not in the flesh, but in its spirit. Earnest, true, true, due, proper, real.

According to Dahl, the word truth often means the same as truth, although it would be more accurate to understand the word truth: truthfulness, justice, justice, rightness. Truth is from the earth, the property of the human mind, and truth is from heaven, the gift of goodness. Truth refers to the mind and reason; but good or good to love, temper and will.

Truth in science is a characteristic that indicates the degree of perfection of a thought (representation) or statement, which makes it possible to consider it as knowledge or knowledge. Truth can also be called knowledge itself (the very content of knowledge) or the cognized reality itself. The opposite concepts of truth are the concepts of falsehood and delusion. Usually, the truth is the correspondence of a statement or representation to some criterion of testing for truth. Truth is used as a general category, in particular, as a religious, philosophical, scientific logical concept. In the sciences and philosophy, a wide variety of criteria for truth are used. In logic, for which truth is one of the primary subjects of study, consistency and logical correctness are considered such criteria. In some religions, this criterion is often divine revelation.

Types of truth

• Relative truth is a philosophical concept that reflects the assertion that absolute truth (or ultimate truth) is unattainable. According to this theory, one can only approach absolute truth, and as one approaches, new ideas are created and old ones are discarded. Theories that assert the existence of absolute truth are often called metaphysics, relative truth — relativism. The concept of relative truth is used in the doctrine of dialectics.
• Absolute truth is unquestionable, immutable, once and for all established knowledge.
• Analytic truth takes place when the property attributed to the object is contained in its very concept. Synthetic truth — when the attribution of this property requires the introduction of additional information.
• Random truth and the necessary truth.
• Truth is a kind of relative truth.

Theories of truth

All theories can be divided into those giving a real definition of truth and establishing rules for the use of the word «truth». Theories of truth (concepts of truth) defining truth:

• Correspondence (classical) theory. Truth is the correspondence of thought (statement) and reality (thing), a representation that is extremely adequate or coinciding with reality (Aristotle, medieval philosophy, the philosophy of modern times, including Thomas Aquinas, P. Holbach, Hegel)
• conventional theory. Truth is the result of an agreement (Poincaré, Carnap, K. Popper)
• coherent theory. Truth is a characteristic of a consistent message, a property of knowledge consistency (Leibniz, Avenarius, Mach, neopositivism)
• authoritarian concept. Truth is belief and/or trust in authority (medieval philosophy, theology)
• Pragmatic (praxeological) theory. Truth is the usefulness of knowledge, its effectiveness, that is, the message that allows you to achieve success is true (F. Bacon, Marxism)
• The theory of truth as evidence. Truth is “a clear and distinct representation” (R. Descartes, F. Brentano, E. Husserl)
• The theory of truth as an experimental confirmation. (Schlick, Neurath)

Theories of truth (concepts of truth), establishing the rules for the use of the term «truth» in the construction of theories:

• Redundant theory: the words «truth», «true», «true» are meaningless (P.F. Ramsey)
• Performative theory: the words «truth», «true», «true» are performatives in the sense of the theory of speech acts (P.F. Strawson)
• The semantic theory of truth: since the utterance of the utterance generates semantic paradoxes, a prohibition on the definition of the concept of truth is introduced (A. Tarski)

Truth in Christianity

Christianity calls truth not some abstract universal idea, and not any original matter, but the fundamental living person of Jesus Christ, who said: “I am the way, the truth and the life” (John 14:6). In this sense, the behavior of Pilate is noteworthy, who skeptically asked Christ at his unjust judgment: “What is truth?”, and did not listen to the answer from Truth itself. (John 18,37:38-XNUMX).

Other words of Christ about the truth should be noted, namely, about those cases when the truth is trampled on: “Your father is the devil; and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning and did not stand in the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks his own, for he is a liar and the father of lies.» (John 8,44:115,1). This emphasizes that the direction of the will of rational beings determines their involvement either in truth and eternal life (eternal being), or in lies — eternal death and non-existence. After the fall of the forefathers, all people are subject to the influence of the devil, so the psalmist David (with some surprise) exclaims: «Every man is a lie» (Ps. 2:XNUMX-XNUMX).