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AstraZeneca has been given to millions of people around the world, increasing their protection against COVID-19. Despite this, the preparation does not enjoy a good reputation. All because of the controversy caused by the reported episodes of thrombosis that occurred after receiving the vaccine. Researchers could not find the cause of such events for a long time. Perhaps the American scientists managed to do it, and they presented their findings in the pages of Science Advances.
- US scientists investigated the possible causes of thrombosis after receiving the AstraZeneki vaccine
- Their latest findings show that the protein present in platelets, which reacts with the injected adenovirus, plays a huge role in this process.
- Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia are one of the less common side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine.
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What did US researchers find?
American scientists used state-of-the-art computer modeling to analyze the mechanisms of thrombus formation after the administration of the Vaxzevria vector vaccine. This made it possible to look at the interaction of the vaccine with human proteins.
One of them, stored in blood platelets, was given special attention. This is called platelet factor 4 (PF4), which is released from platelets when they are activated. The spectrum of its action is very large. The in vitro studies show that he participates, inter alia, in in the formation of an immune response, but also in the formation of tumor metastasis. However, what turned out to be the most important in the context of vaccination against COVID-19 is the role of PF4 in the coagulation process. The concentration of the platelet factor 4 has a direct impact on the efficiency of this process. If it is too low or too high, the process can be impaired.
Researchers found that PF4 forms stable complexes with the adenovirus in AstraZeneca, and that the negative electric charge of the preparation molecule attracts a positive charge of platelet factor 4. In practice, this means that the body forms antibodies against the antigen-platelet factor 4 complex, and this causes aggregation of platelets. The consequence is an increased risk of a blood clot forming.
The findings of scientists from the University of Arizona met with great interest, but still do not answer the most important question: who and why is particularly at risk of the adverse vaccine reaction in the form of thrombosis and whether it can be prevented in some way.
- Also read: Hundreds of people have applied for NOP compensation. What was the most common reason?
Further part below the video.
Thrombosis following AstraZeneca – how often does this happen?
Thrombosis in combination with thrombocytopenia is considered a very rare NOP after Vaxzevria. The producer himself preparation, AstraZeneca, in the summary of product characteristics he estimates this side effect as very rare, affecting one in 10 people. patients.
“Very rare blood clots have been observed following vaccination with Vaxzevria, together with a low platelet count and in some cases with bleeding. These included some severe cases with blood clots in different or unusual places (e.g. in the brain, gut, liver, spleen) and with excessive clotting or bleeding anywhere. Most of these cases occurred in the first three weeks after vaccination. Some cases have been fatal. Fewer cases were reported after the second dose of the vaccine than after the first dose, »the SPC reads.
- See also: Thrombosis following AstraZeneca. Dr. Grzesiowski explains
The number of cases of such NOP varies with the country and the dose of vaccine administered. For example, in the United Kingdom, by March 9, 2022, 438 adverse events had been reported in this form (with 24,9 million first doses administered and 24,9 million second doses). 79 patients who developed blood clots died; the vast majority of deaths (73) occurred after the first dose. In Australia, on the other hand, the risk of developing thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after AstraZenece was estimated at one to four per 1 million people vaccinated with this preparation.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) in a report published on April 8, 2021, said the global rate of thrombosis cases after Vaxzevria is 7,73 per 100. people.
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Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia – the most important information
Thrombosis is a venous thromboembolism. It causes a clot that blocks the lumen of the vein, which results in impaired blood flow. They are most common in the veins of the extremities, pulmonary artery or pulmonary veins, in the cerebral artery, or in the artery that supplies the heart muscle.
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The first symptom that the patient feels is pain and swelling in the legs. However, when the clot is exposed to the vein wall and travels with the blood to the tissues of other organs, the symptoms can be much more noticeable and dangerous. This includes fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, numbness in the limbs, and difficulty speaking and seeing. The entry of a clot into internal organs, such as the lungs and heart, through the bloodstream, can lead to an embolism and result in sudden death.
Thrombocytopenia in turn, it is a condition where the number of platelets in the blood is too low for the body’s needs, first of all, correct homeostasis, i.e. processes that prevent the outflow of blood from blood vessels. It manifests itself mainly in the form of ecchymoses in the skin and mucous membranes, mainly on the limbs and trunk. Some patients experience recurrent bleeding, e.g. from the nose, gums, genital tract or gastrointestinal tract.
Both disorders can occur simultaneously. We are talking about thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (TTS). It most often affects the cerebral and visceral veins, rarely many organs, which makes it a variant of thrombosis with an atypical location.
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