The skeletal system consists of as many as 206 bones of various sizes and shapes. It can be divided into an axial skeleton, which is a scaffold for the upper half of the body, and a peripheral skeleton, which consists of the bones of the limbs, as well as the hip and shoulder girdles. The skeletal system gives shape to the body, allows it to move and, very importantly, protects internal organs. The skeletal system is not a rigid structure due to the presence of joints. The human skeleton also has other functions – it stores calcium and produces blood cells. How is the skeletal system built?
If a man did not have skeletal systemhis body would be an inert mass. Of course, thanks to the presence of many structures, such as joints and muscles, it allows a full range of motion. Bone structure man consists of two parts. One of them is the axial skeleton, which is the core of the skeletal system of the upper half of the body and protects internal organs such as the heart, lungs and the initial organs of the digestive tract. In turn, the peripheral skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as two rims – the shoulder and the hip. These hoops connect both skeletons. In summary, the axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: skull, spine, ribs and sternum. The axial skeleton, in turn, contains 126 bones. Interestingly, newborns do bone structure composed of 300 bones. The decrease in their number is related to the fusion of some bones.
Skeletal system – how is the bone built?
Bone, which is the basic organ skeletal systemis made of many tissues. However, apart from the fact that it contains bone tissue, it also contains adipose tissue, cartilage and hematopoiesis. The shaft of the long bones is a compact body, while the base of the bones is mostly spongy (in the case of flat, various-shaped and long bones). Each bone contains a covering tissue called the periosteum. The places where two bones connect are called joints. There is articular cartilage. Bones contain collagen, which is constantly exchanged – approximately every 7 years bone structure renews itself.
In the skeletal system there are 5 types of bones in human. They have a different shape and size and it is conditioned by the function they perform. In the skeletal system so we distinguish long bones – they are longer than wider, they are found in the upper and lower limbs and are designed to allow movement and bear the weight of the body. An example of such a bone is the femur, which can withstand up to 2 tons of load. Out of short bones the tarsal and wrist bones are very characteristic – they look like dice. Their task is to stabilize the joints and take an active part in the process of movement. Another type of bone found in skeletal system jest flat bonewhich has a protective function for organs, e.g. the heart. A spatula performs this function. In the skeletal system there are also various-shaped bones, the shape of which is adapted to their function. An example is the vertebrae of the spine that protect the spinal cord. The type of bone that in skeletal system is designed to protect tendons and joints from wear, they are so-called heterotopic (visceral) bones. This type of bone includes the kneecap, which is located in the tendon connecting the quadriceps muscle of the thigh with the tibia – it covers the knee joint.
Skeletal system – structure and functions
The axial skeleton has 80 bones consisting of the bones of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum. The skull consists of the frontal bone, two temporal and parietal bones, as well as the occipital and sphenoid bones. The mentioned bones are in skeletal system the so-called the skull, as they are designed to protect the brain from injuries. Between the bones of the skull there are sutures, which are fossilized structures that constitute fixed connections. The facial skeleton consists of slightly more bones – they are designed to protect the sensory organs such as smell, sight and taste. Composed of skeletal system the facial skeleton includes: two lacrimal bones, nasal and lower nasal turbinates, two jaws, plowshares, two zygomatic and palatine bones, ethmoid and hyoid bone, and mandible. The last two bones are movable parts of the skull, with the hyoid bone having no connection with the other bones of the skull. Bone structure of a human being is constituted by the spine, which is a movable column consisting of 33-34 bone vertebrae. It is s-shaped and is designed to keep the head and upper body in an upright position. The heart and lungs are protected by 12 pairs of ribs, seven of which are ribs that have a direct connection to the sternum (true ribs), which distinguishes them from three pairs of pseudo-ribs. The last two pairs are free ribs.
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Peripheral skeleton skeletal system it consists of the bones of the upper limb and the shoulder girdle: collarbone, shoulder blades, humerus, ulna and radius, as well as the bones of the hand: wrist (8 bones), metacarpus (5 bones) and phalanges (14 bones). The upper limb and pelvic girdle consist of: pelvis (wider in a woman), femur (the longest bone in a human body), patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsal bones, 6 metatarsal bones and 14 phalanges.