The risk is not the same depending on the region concerned (the disease also affects travelers), the time of year and even during the day:

• According to the region concerned : the Mediterranean rim concerns the cutaneous and visceral forms. France seems more concerned by the visceral form due to Leishmania Infantum (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Ardèche, Aude, Aveyron, Bouches-du-Rhône, Corsica, Drôme, Gard, Hérault, Lozère, Pyrénées- Orientales, Var, Vaucluse). India and China exhibit visceral forms. East Africa concentrates cutaneous and visceral forms. In the United States, leishmaniasis can be cutaneous, visceral, or mucocutaneous. In South America, leishmaniasis is mainly cutaneous and mucous.
• Depending on the time of year : the female sandfly bites all year round in tropical areas and in summer in temperate areas (France).
• The time of day : the sandfly bites in the first part of the night, at dusk.

Immuno-depression (HIV, transplants, hemopathies, etc.) is another very important risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis. In a person who is HIV / AIDS positive, leishmaniasis can be considered an opportunistic disease.