Contents
The term includes systemic lesions in the body caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.
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1/ 8 The causes of radiation sickness
The main cause of the disease is exposure to excessive or frequently repeated low doses of radiation. Radiation sickness can also result from the absorption of radioactive isotopes by oral or inhalation – also after a nuclear explosion. This disease does not concern the local effects of ionizing radiation, e.g. during oncological treatment. There is an acute or chronic course of this disease.
2/8 Acute post-transmissive illness
Symptoms of acute radiation sickness appear several to several dozen hours after irradiation. The shorter the latency period, the more severe the course of the disease. Acute radiation sickness can occur in various forms: subclinical, hematological, enteric, cerebral, enzymatic.
3/ 8 Hematological form
Hematological form – occurs when a dose of 2-4 Gy is absorbed. Presenting symptoms: general weakness, decreased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood (lymphopenia), anemia, decreased immunity, sometimes haemorrhagic diathesis. About 25% of people with this form of the disease die. Gray (Gy) – unit of dose absorbed in the Si system (1 joule of energy deposited / transferred to 1 kg of matter)
4/ 8 Subclinical form
The subclinical form is manifested by general weakness and a reduction in the number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood (lymphopenia). It occurs at a radiation dose of 0,5-2 Gy. There is no risk of death in this form.
5/ 8 Intestinal form
The intestinal form of acute radiation sickness is manifested by bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic diathesis, water and electrolyte disturbances and edema. The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is damaged and numerous ulcerations occur. The intestinal form concerns a dose of 4-8 Gy and the mortality rate is 50-100% of cases.
6/ 8 Brain figure
The cerebral form occurs when a dose of 8 to 50 Gy is absorbed. Soon after irradiation, seizures and loss of consciousness occur. The disease is 100% fatal. It is usually observed under the conditions of laboratory experiments. In humans, it is possible in radiation accidents.
7/ 8 Enzymatic form
The enzyme form is also observed under laboratory conditions. It is referred to as a dose of more than 50 Gy. Soon after irradiation, unconsciousness and death occur. In the body, the chemical bonds of enzyme proteins are directly broken.
8/ 8 Chronic radiation sickness
The term chronic radiation sickness describes the long-term effects of a single irradiation or the effects of long-term exposure to repeated small doses of radiation (e.g. as a result of working in the field of an X-ray tube without the use of appropriate protective measures). The effects of this may be the following: development of malignant neoplasms (especially leukemias and lymphomas as well as cancers of the thyroid gland and skeletal system), accelerated aging of the body and shortened life expectancy, infertility (usually temporary), damage to the genome of sex cells (which increases the risk of birth defects in offspring) , hormonal disorders, cataracts.