The main approaches in the cognitive-behavioral direction are:
- Cognitive Therapy by Aaron Beck
Aaron Beck (1967), observing patients with neurotic depression, drew attention to the fact that their experiences constantly sounded themes of defeat, hopelessness and inadequacy. Beck concluded that depression develops in people who perceive the world in three negative categories: 1) a negative view of the present: no matter what happens, a depressed person focuses on the negative aspects, although life provides some experience that most people enjoy; 2) hopelessness about the future: a depressive patient, drawing the future, sees only gloomy events in it; 3) reduced self-esteem: the depressed patient sees himself as incapable, unworthy and helpless. Beck designed a behavioral therapy program that uses self-control, role-playing, modeling, homework, etc.
- life skills counseling by Richard Nelson-Jones
- multimodal consulting by Arnold Lazarus
- psycholinguistic method of Gennady Shichko
- REBT: Rational Emotional Behavioral Therapy by A. Ellis
Anxiety, guilt, depression and other psychological problems are caused not by traumatic situations as such, but by how people perceive these events, what they think about them. “You get upset not because you failed in an exam, but because you think that failure is a misfortune that indicates your inability.” It is necessary to identify these maladaptive thinking patterns into more realistic ones, using modeling, encouragement and logic. Much attention is paid to behavioral techniques, including homework.
- social-cognitive approach of Albert Bandura
- behavior therapy by Mikhail Pokrass