Personality – what is it and where does it come from? Personality theories and types

Proven content

Personality can be understood as a constant set of various psychological characteristics and various internal factors that influence human behavior. Personality can also be considered in the context of how we react to the environment around us and how we interact with this environment in various ways. Another definition states that personality is a way of thinking, behaving and feeling. It is difficult to give one specific definition of personality.

However, what we are like can also be influenced by the structure and functioning of our nervous system. You can also take hormones into account. Development personality it is a long-term process that begins with birth and continues throughout childhood. However, it doesn’t stop there. Experts believe it will eventually develop personality lasts until the age of 20 or even longer. While several aspects of personality may change with age, personality remains fairly consistent throughout life.

Because personality plays such an important role in human behavior, an entire branch of psychology is devoted to the study of this fascinating topic. Personality psychologists are interested in the unique characteristics of individuals as well as the similarities between groups of people.

See also: Psychotherapist – qualifications, indications for a visit, types of therapy. How to choose a good psychotherapist?

Personality characteristics

In order to understand personality psychology, it is important to know some of the key characteristics of how personality works.

1. Personality is organized and consistent. We tend to express certain aspects of our personality in different situations, and our reactions are generally stable.
2. Although personality is generally stable, it can be influenced by the environment. For example, while our personality may lead to shyness in social situations, an emergency may lead us to adopt a more open approach.
3. Personality causes these and no other behaviors. We react to people and objects in our environment based on our personality. From personal preferences to choosing a profession, every aspect of our lives is influenced by our personality.

Personality – research models

Now that we know a little more about the fundamentals of personality, it’s time to take a closer look at how scientists actually study the human personality. Various methods are used in the study of personality. Each of them has its own strengths and weaknesses.

1. Experimental methods are those in which the researcher controls and manipulates the variables of interest and measures the results. This is the most scientific form of research, but experimental research can be difficult when studying aspects of personality such as motivations, emotions, and drives. These ideas are internal, abstract, and can be difficult to measure. The experimental method allows scientists to look at the cause and effect relationships between various variables of interest.
2. Case studies and self-report methods include an in-depth analysis of the individual as well as the information they provide. The case studies are largely based on the observer’s interpretations, while the self-report methods depend on the memory of the person concerned. For this reason, these methods are highly subjective and it is difficult to generalize the results to a larger population.
3. Clinical tests based on information collected from clinical patients during treatment. Many personality theories are based on this type of research, but because the subjects are unique and exhibit abnormal behavior, these studies appear to be highly subjective and difficult to generalize.

Extroverts are great at public appearances, but have trouble listening to others. An introvert, on the other hand, is a great listener, but may have problems finding his way in group work. It can be different, and each personality type has its advantages and disadvantages. One thing is for sure, no one is perfect. Nevertheless, it is worth knowing what type of personality is dominant in our case. This allows you to use your strengths and take action to work on your weaker traits. Let’s take a closer look at the different personality types.

Introverts are perceived as secretive or shy. When in company, they avoid situations in which the attention is focused on them. If they have any insights, they prefer to keep them to themselves. However, if they decide to make it on the spot, they must first carefully analyze everything. We won’t find explosive people among introverts. People with this personality type do not show their emotions as openly as extroverts, for example.

Extroverts usually have a lot of friends, and hence – a lush social life. Such people stand out from the crowd, and this is due to their charisma. Extroverts are optimists. If a problem arises in their life path, they will most likely treat it as a challenge and goal, not as difficulties that prevent further development. Life should be exciting, according to extroverts. They are also focused on the realization of their passions. However, extroverted people often act impulsively, and thus – under the influence of emotions, they are able to do something or say, which they will regret later.

That is why ambiverts fall between the classical division and do not identify themselves with introverts or with one hundred percent extroverts. Ambieverts are exceptionally at ease with other people. This is because they can understand different types of behavior, because they are aware that they themselves may react similarly.

Personality – main theories

Personality psychology is the subject of some of the most famous psychological theories by many famous thinkers, including Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Some of these theories try to deal with a specific area of ​​personality, while others try to explain personality much more broadly.

Personality – biological theories

The biological approach suggests that genetics are responsible for personality. In the classic “nature versus nurture” debate, biological theories of personality stand alongside nature.

Research on heredity suggests that there is a link between genetics and personality traits. Twin studies are often used to investigate which traits may be linked to genetics and which may be linked to environmental variables. For example, researchers can look at the differences and similarities in the personalities of twins raised together as compared to those raised separately.

One of the most famous biology theorists was Hans Eysenck, who linked aspects of personality with biological processes.

Eysenck argued that personality is influenced by cortisol, a stress hormone. According to his theory, introverts have high cortical arousal and avoid stimulation, while extroverts have low cortical arousal and even crave stimulation.

Personality – behavioral theories

Behavioral theorists include BF Skinner and John B. Watson. Behavioral theories suggest that personality is the result of an interaction between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behavior, discarding theories that take into account inner thoughts, moods, and feelings because they cannot be measured.

According to behavioral theorists, conditioning (predictable behavioral responses) occurs through interactions with our environment, which ultimately shapes our personality.

See also: Behavior Therapy

Personality – psychodynamic theories

Psychodynamic theories of personality are strongly influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. Psychodynamic theories include Sigmund Freud’s theory of the psychosexual stage and Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

Freud believed that the three components of personality were id, ego, and superego:

Id- according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, id is a personality component composed of unconscious psychic energy that acts to satisfy basic needs and desires. Id works on the pleasure principle that requires immediate satisfaction.

Ego — according to Freud, the ego is the largely unconscious part of the personality that mediates the demands of id, superego, and reality. The ego does not allow us to act according to our basic urges (created by the id), but also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards (created by the superego).

Superego — it is a personality component composed of our internalized ideals which we have acquired from our parents and society. The superego tries to suppress id urges and tries to make the ego behave morally rather than realistically.

Freud suggested that children go through a series of stages where the id energy focuses on different erogenous zones. Erikson also believed that the personality goes through a series of stages, with some conflicts emerging at each stage. Success at any stage depends on successfully overcoming these conflicts.

See also: Psychodynamic psychotherapy – for whom, what is it, what are its effects [EXPLAINED]

Personality – humanistic theories

Humanistic theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in personality development. Humanistic theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Humanistic theorists promote the concept of self-realization, which is an innate need for personal development and the ways in which personal development motivates behavior.

See also: Maslow’s Pyramid – the hierarchy of human needs

Personality – trait theories

The trait theory approach is one of the most important areas of personality psychology. According to these theories, personality is made up of many broad characteristics. The trait is relatively stable and causes the individual to behave in a certain way. It is essentially a psychological “blueprint” that informs you about behavioral patterns.

Some of the best known trait theories include Eysenck’s three-dimensional theory and the five-factor theory of personality.

Eysenck used personality questionnaires to collect data from participants and then applied a statistical technique known as factor analysis to analyze the results. Eysenck concluded that there are three main personality models (the three-factor theory): extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed that these models then combine in different ways to create an individual’s unique personality. Later, Eysenck added a third dimension known as psychoticism, which applied to things like aggression, empathy, and sociability.

Later researchers have suggested that there are five broad models that make up a person’s personality, often referred to as the Big Five theory. The Big Five theory suggests that all personalities can be characterized by five main personality models:

openness to experience – is characterized by such qualities as imagination and insight. People who are high on this trait also have a wide range of interests. They are curious about the world and other people, they are eager to learn new things and enjoy new experiences. People who have this trait high are hungry for adventure and creativity. People with a low level of this trait are often much more traditional and may struggle with abstract thinking.

1. diligence – the standard features of this model include a high degree of caution, self-discipline and goal-oriented behavior. People with great conscientiousness are usually organized and pay attention to details. They plan ahead, think about how their behavior affects others, and remember about deadlines.
2. extraversion – is characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high emotional expression. People with a high level of extroversion are social and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being around other people helps them feel energized and excited. People who have low extroversion (or introverts) tend to be more reserved and have less energy to socialize. Social events can be exhausting, and introverts often need a period of solitude and peace to “recharge.”
3. agreeableness – this personality model includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, attachment and other pro-social behavior. People with a high level of agreeableness tend to be more cooperative, while those with a low level of this trait are more competitive and sometimes even manipulative.
4. neuroticism – is a trait characterized by sadness, mood swings and emotional instability. People with high levels of this trait tend to experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness. People with a low level of this trait are more stable and emotionally resistant.

Collectively known as OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)

See also: Character traits – how are they formed?

Personality – theories of types

Type theories are an early look at personality. These theories suggested that there were a limited number of “personality types” associated with biological influences, distinguishing:

1. Type A personality: perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed, achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed;
2. Type B personality: balanced, flexible, creative, adaptable to changes, patient, prone to procrastination;
3. Type C personality: very conscientious, perfectionist, fights to reveal emotions (positive and negative);
4. Type D personality: worries, sad, irritable, shows pessimistic attitude, avoids social situations, lacks self-confidence, feels fear of rejection, gloomy appearance, hopelessness.

Personality – humoral theories

A theory based on the belief that there are four body fluids (humors): blood, bile, mucus (phlegm) and black bile, which fill the body and their relationship to each other affects health and temperament. This theory distinguishes four basic personality types.

1. Sanguine (the predominance of blood – Latin sanguis) optimistic, energetic;
2. Phlegmatic (mucus predominance – Greek phlegma) slow, “phlegmatic”;
3. Choleric (mostly bile – Greek chole), explosive;
4. Melancholic (predominance of black bile – Greek molasses chole), sad, depressive.

Its creator is considered to be the Greek physician Hippocrates, who described the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humor, according to which the four body fluids influence personality traits and human behavior. Modern medicine does not define a permanent relationship between internal secretions and personality, although some psychological systems of the personality type use categories similar to Greek temperaments.

See also: The Hippocratic Oath – what is its text and who takes it

Personality and applications in psychology

Personality research can provide fascinating information about how personality develops and changes throughout life. This research may also have important practical applications in the real world.

For example, personality assessments are often used to help people learn more about themselves and their unique strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Some ratings may be about how people rate certain characteristics, such as being highly extroverted, conscientious, or open-minded.

Other assessments can measure how certain aspects of the personality change during development. Such personality assessments can also be used to help people determine what careers they may like, how well they can perform certain job roles, or how effective a form of psychotherapy has been.

Personality type can also be related to our health, including how often we see a doctor and how we deal with stress. Scientists have found that certain personality traits can be linked to illness and health behavior.

See also: Personality types – tests, personality types according to Jung. Division into four personality types

How can personality affect the risk of disease?

Philosophers, doctors, and researchers have long tried to find links between personality and physical health. In ancient Greek times, Hippocrates suggested that there were four personality types (sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic) and that each was associated with susceptibility to certain physical or mental illnesses. Interest in the topic continues today, and research has shown that personality traits can be important predictors of health. Scientists have found that childhood personality traits are linked to later health and are linked to other key markers of health, including overall longevity.

Type A personality and heart disease

The classic Type A personality is often characterized as tough, controlling, and perfectionist. People who exhibit traits of this type of personality are more competitive, impatient, tense, assertive, and even aggressive. This personality type has been of interest since it was first described in the 50s, and research has linked it to many negative health effects.

Some studies have found a link between type A personality type and hypertension, increased work stress, and social isolation. Older research suggested that there was a link between type A personality type and heart disease, but later research complicated these findings by not confirming the link. Type A tends to feel more hostile, a trait associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Preliminary studies conducted more than 40 years ago suggested that type A personalities are seven times more likely to develop coronary heart disease. However, more recent research suggests that the real culprits behind the increased risk of heart disease are probably anger and hostility.

Neurotic personality and worse health in general

If we tend to be neurotic, we can react more to feelings of loss, frustration, and other stresses with negative emotions. It’s common to experience intense emotional responses to relatively minor life challenges. Researchers found that this trait could be a predictor of various physical and mental disorders, including overall life expectancy.

One study review found that those with higher levels of neuroticism and lower other personality traits in the Big Five (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness), especially those with a lower level of conscientiousness, were less healthy than their less neurotic peers. People with high neuroticism may also experience more health problems such as cardiovascular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma.

See also: How to teach a child to resist frustration and stress? The psychiatrist advises parents

Type D personality and increased risk of death

Type D personality was first introduced in 1996 and is characterized by “depressing” traits such as a tendency to negative emotions and a lack of self-expression. Stress, depression, anxiety, anger and loneliness are also associated with the Type D personality, which can have serious health consequences.

So what are the possible health consequences of having a Type D personality? One study suggests that people with type D personality types are four times more likely to die compared to people with other personality types. According to another study published in the journal Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, people with this personality type are three times more likely to develop heart problems, including heart failure. About 20% of American adults have a Type D personality, and approximately 50% of patients with heart problems exhibit features of this type of personality.

See also: When does our body begin to die? Not everyone is given sudden death without suffering

Extraverted and overall better health

One study found that people who are more extroverted, conscientious, and agreeable also tend to be healthier. In part, this is because people who exhibit higher levels of these traits are also more likely to communicate more effectively with their doctors. A 2009 study found that social support was linked to physical health outcomes, including healthier behaviors, better coping skills, and adherence to medical procedures. Doctors and other health experts have long understood that high-quality social support and contacts can have a significant protective effect on both physical and mental health.

What does it all mean?

While research shows that personality type clearly plays a role in health and well-being, some ailments are more likely to be influenced by psychological characteristics. For example, heart disease is more closely related to personality type than cancer. So why does personality affect health? Why are certain traits so closely related to certain ailments? The answers aren’t clear, but one potential explanation is that personality influences behavior and lifestyle choices.

More conscientious individuals may be more likely to make healthier choices, while those with high neuroticism may seek medical attention less frequently. However, just because we tend to have a certain personality type does not doom us to a future with certain ailments.

As with many things, our individual risk of developing a health problem can depend on many factors beyond our personality, including genetics, environment, lifestyle, and behavior. Understanding your personality can be a great way to determine what health choices or changes to focus on. Being aware of the potential risks that may be encountered, we can develop a risk minimization plan together with a healthcare professional.