The main properties of perception are objectivity, integrity, constancy and categoricality.
Objectivity of perception
The objectivity of perception is understood as the relation of all information about the external world received with the help of the senses to the objects themselves, and, for example, not to irritated receptor surfaces or brain structures involved in information processing. The results of modern experimental research indicate that infants of a very early age perceive objects not as constantly changing states of their senses, but as something that exists independently of them and opposes them in the external environment. The formation of the objectivity of perception is associated with the first practical actions of the child, which are objective in nature, directed at external objects and adapted to their features, location and form. In the future, when perception is separated into a relatively independent system of perceptual actions, practical activity continues to set certain perceptual tasks for it and inevitably requires an adequate, therefore, objective reflection of reality.
Integrity
The property of perception, which consists in the fact that any object, and even more so a spatial objective situation, is perceived as a stable systemic whole, even if some parts of this whole cannot be observed at the moment. The integrity of perception is considered in psychology as a reflection of the integrity that is objectively inherent in the perceived world.
Perception constancy
The relative constancy of some perceived properties of objects with a relatively wide range of changes in the conditions of perception. For example, the magnitude of an object receding or approaching is perceived along with the distance between the object and the subject; therefore, the perception of its magnitude is inextricably linked with the perception of remoteness, or vice versa.
Categorical perception
Dissection and generalization characteristic of higher forms of perception. An example is speech hearing, based, in particular, on the allocation of phonemic features of sounds and their assignment to one or another phonetic category.
An important feature of perception is its dependence on past experience, knowledge, content and tasks of the activity performed, individual psychological differences of people (needs, inclinations, interests, motives, emotional state, etc.). Under the influence of these factors, an apperception characteristic of each person is created, which causes significant differences in the perception of the same objects by different people or by the same person at different times.
- Objectivity — objects are not perceived as an incoherent set of sensations, but constitute images of specific objects.
- Structurality — the object is perceived by consciousness already as a modeled structure abstracted from sensations.
- Apperceptivity — perception is influenced by the general content of the human psyche.
- Contact (constancy) — perception is influenced by the circumstances in which it occurs. But despite this perception remains relatively unchanged.
- Selectivity — the preferential selection of some objects in comparison with others.
- Meaningfulness — the object is consciously perceived, mentally called (associated with a certain category), belongs to a certain class
Reflection consists of stages:
- Selection — selection of the object of perception from the information flow
- Organization — an object is identified by a set of features
- Categorization and assignment of properties of objects of this class to an object