Peanut butter, US standard

Nutritional value and chemical composition .

The energy value is 588 kcal.

• cup = 258g (1517 kcal)
• 2 tbsp = 32 g (188.2 kcal)

• Choline is part of lecithin that plays a role in the synthesis and metabolism of phospholipids in the liver, is a source of free methyl groups, acts as a lipotropic factor.
• Vitamin B5 is involved in protein, fat, carbohydrate metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, the synthesis of several hormones, hemoglobin, and promotes the absorption of amino acids and sugars in the gut, supports the function of the adrenal cortex. Lack of Pantothenic acid can lead to skin lesions and mucous membranes.
• Vitamin B6 is involved in maintaining the immune response, the processes of inhibition and excitation in the Central nervous system, in the transformation of amino acids, tryptophan metabolism, lipids and nucleic acids contributes to the normal formation of red blood cells, the maintenance of normal levels of homocysteine in the blood. Insufficient intake of vitamin B6 is accompanied by loss of appetite, impaired the health of the skin, the development of the found, and anemia.
• Vitamin E has antioxidant properties, essential for the functioning of the sex glands, cardiac muscle, is a universal stabilizer of cell membranes. When deficiency of vitamin E are observed hemolysis of red blood cells, neurological disorders.
• Vitamin PP is involved in redox reactions and energy metabolism. Insufficient intake of vitamin accompanied by a disturbance of the normal condition of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system.
• Potassium is the main intracellular ion that participates in the regulation of water, electrolyte and acid balance, is involved in conducting nerve impulses, regulation of blood pressure.
• Magnesium is involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis, nucleic acids, has a stabilizing effect for membranes, is essential for maintaining homeostasis of calcium, potassium and sodium. Deficiency of magnesium leads to hypomagnesemia, increase the risk of developing hypertension, heart disease.
• Phosphorus is involved in many physiological processes, including energy metabolism, regulates the acid-alkaline balance, is part of the phospholipids, nucleotides and nucleic acids needed for mineralization of bones and teeth. Deficiency leads to anorexia, anemia, rickets.
• Iron is included with different functions of proteins, including enzymes. Involved in the transport of electrons, oxygen, allows the flow of redox reactions and the activation of peroxidation. Inadequate intake leads to hypochromic anemia, myoglobinaemia atonia of skeletal muscles, fatigue, cardiomyopathy, chronic atrophic gastritis.
• Manganese is involved in the formation of bone and connective tissue, is part of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, catecholamines; required for synthesis of cholesterol and nucleotides. Insufficient consumption is accompanied by growth retardation, disorders of the reproductive system, increased fragility of the bone, disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
• Copper is part of the enzymes with redox activity and is involved in iron metabolism, stimulates the absorption of proteins and carbohydrates. Involved in the processes of human body tissues with oxygen. The deficiency is manifested by impaired formation of the cardiovascular system and skeletal development of connective tissue dysplasia.
• Selenium – an essential element of the antioxidant defense system of the human body, has immunomodulatory effects, is involved in the regulation of the action of thyroid hormones. Deficiency leads to the Kashin-Bek disease (osteoarthritis with multiple deformity of the joints, spine, and extremities), disease Kesan (endemic cardiomyopathy), hereditary thrombasthenia.
• Zinc is included in more than 300 enzymes involved in the processes of synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids and in the regulation of expression of several genes. Inadequate intake leads to anemia, secondary immunodeficiency, liver cirrhosis, sexual dysfunction, presence of malformations of the fetus. The recent studies revealed the ability of high doses of zinc to break the copper absorption and thus contribute to development of anemia.

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