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Pose (put, put; fr: pose) — the position taken by the human body, the position of the body, head and limbs in relation to each other.

This word has a figurative meaning — pretense, insincere behavior, drawing (for example, “Stand in a pose” — take a deliberately spectacular position).

The posture is characterized by relative immobility (since complete immobility of the living is impossible). Common human postures are orthograde (standing, sitting) and horizontal (lying, on all fours). Studied by biomechanics, physical culture and physiology. The posture is generally maintained by balance of the body segments, tonic tension of the muscles supporting the articular angles, and interaction with the support.

The regulation of the posture is complex and is carried out with the participation of various levels of the central nervous system, and with arbitrary changes in the posture and the cerebral cortex.

In both humans and animals, posture can express emotions. Emotions are also conveyed through posture in art — ballet, sculpture, painting. Particular importance is attached to posture in sports (including martial arts), in health systems (for example, in yoga) and in medicine.

The term «posture» is associated with a number of rather complex concepts from the field of physical culture, physiology and human biomechanics: body position, posture, standing, walking.

Synonyms for posture:

• stance — in sports and physical culture
• asana — in yoga
• body position — in biomechanics
• body language in psychology

General characteristics of the posture

• Natural posture is a relaxed, ordinary posture taken without any effort on the part of the person taking it.
• Unnatural posture — a posture not characteristic of a living healthy person in consciousness (corpse posture, characteristic posture (opisthotonus) in case of tetanus, unnatural artsy postures in schizophrenia). Unnatural postures associated with diseases are classified as pathological postures.
• Pathological posture — a posture as a result of a disease of the musculoskeletal or nervous system.
• Forced posture — a posture taken under the influence of external circumstances or to relieve pain (for example, a forced working posture, antalgic posture for lumbar sciatica …)
• Habitual posture — a feature of the posture of a particular person, which he takes without excessive muscle tension, automatically, without the participation of consciousness (see posture)

There are also such separate concepts as “sports posture” …

«Pose» and «posture», similarities and differences

The concepts of «posture» and «posture» are often confused. Both of these concepts characterize the position of the human body. A person under the influence of external circumstances or an effort of will can take any position (accessible to his musculoskeletal system). However, posture is that habitual posture that is determined reflexively, by the so-called motor stereotype — a complex of unconditioned reflexes, as well as skeletal and muscle balance.

To the layman, this distinction may not be significant. From the point of view of physiology and biomechanics, posture and posture are significantly different concepts:

• posture is any position of the body of a person and an animal,
• posture is a habitual vertical posture (the vertical position of the human body) at rest and during movement, determined by the motor stereotype, skeletal balance and muscle balance.

As follows from the definition of posture, it is only a habitual posture, only an upright posture. Posture is one of the characteristics of posture.

Posture is a “frozen” movement, and posture is a “live” posture that changes in time (posture oscillation of the body when standing, position of body segments when walking, etc.)

Posture is a characteristic of any animal, and posture, being a product of upright walking, is characteristic only of man.

Natural human postures

orthograde posture

Synonyms:

• vertical posture
• orthograde body position
• vertical position of the human body.

In the process of human evolution, one of the most expedient and stable dynamic systems has been formed — the functional system of antigravity. A person from the first hours of his intrauterine development exists in the conditions of the gravitational field of the Earth. To constantly counteract the gravitational factor and compensate for unwanted shifts in the body, various vestibulo-motor, vestibulo-viscero-vascular and vestibulo-oculomotor reactions are quickly adjusted to the current situation.

Maintaining a vertical posture, standing upright and bipodal locomotion is the crown of human evolution in its adaptive activity for existence in the gravitational field of the Earth. And on the other hand, holding a vertical posture incorporates the features of a person’s constitution, integrates his life experience and partly demonstrates the functional and pathological features of a particular individual. The orthograde position of the body characterizes such motor actions of a person as standing, walking, running and other types of motor activity.

The orthograde posture is the most studied and studied position of a person by many sciences, such as anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, posturology, physical culture. Orthograde posture is associated with an important biomechanical parameter of a person called “posture”.

Standing pose

Synonyms:

• standing position
• vertical post
• main stance (in sports and posturology)

The standing posture is the main characteristic of such important human motor acts as standing and walking.

sitting posture

A pose for rest or for performing any action based on the “fifth point”, on the buttocks or hips, in which the torso maintains a vertical position (en: sitting).

There is also a more scientific definition of this posture: “Sitting is a body position in which the weight of the body is transferred to a supporting area mainly by the ischial tuberosities of the pelvis and their surrounding soft tissue) Cornell University Ergonomics Web — Sitting and Chair Design

There are many types of seating:

• on the chair
• On the floor

tailor’s posture

lotus pose (in yoga)

«Japanese» (Saiza)

• squatting»

Chair sitting posture

The posture, sitting on a chair, is convenient, for example, for office work, but in itself is a difficult test for the skeleton and internal organs of a person.

The sitting posture is characterized by an angle formed by rays drawn from the lower part of the sternum to the plane of the face and to the bend of the knee joint. This angle is called the torso angle.

Depending on the angle of the torso, there are:

• normal angle of inclination (with good posture).
• stoop angle.
• angle of compression (such a posture characterizes a very bad posture or a very bad habit of sitting “folded”).

Slouched sitting posture

The stooped sitting posture is characterized by maximum flexion in the lumbar and thoracic spine, tilting the torso forward.

This posture has a number of adverse biomechanical and physiological consequences:

1. Smoothed lumbar lordosis and tilted thoracic and, accordingly, cervical segments of the body lead to an overload of the cervical and lumbar spine.
2. If the weight of the head is on average 3 kg, then the load on the cervical spine will increase many times — up to 18 kg.
3. The load on the anterior support complex of the spine increases with a decrease in lumbar lordosis. With a stooped posture, an already high load will increase from 150% to 180% of body weight.
4. When the thoracic segment is tilted forward, the volume of the chest cavity decreases, and we observe compression of both the lungs and the abdominal organs. The larynx and vessels of the neck are compressed.
5. The blood flow in the pelvic organs worsens. Hemorrhoids, prostatitis are common companions of lovers of this position.

Health problems associated with sitting posture

The sitting posture is studied by the science of ergonomics (in Russia — occupational health). Ignoring hygiene requirements, violating the safety of sedentary work leads to a number of chronic diseases. The leading symptom is a stooped posture, as a result of a habitual posture with a «littered» back.

It should be noted that poor posture, according to the classification of some European countries, is an occupational disease of office workers. Drivers of cars that are not equipped with modern seats, in accordance with hygienic requirements, can also be attributed to this category. As you know, osteochondrosis of the spine, cervical and lumbar pain, prostatitis, hemorrhoids are problems not only for accountants and economists, but also for truck drivers.

Coccygodynia

General medical term for pain in the sacrum or coccyx. Coccygodynia limits comfortable sitting on a chair and leads to a forced posture with transfer of support to one of the buttocks.

Horizontal posture

Lying position

This posture is the least studied due to the low interest of researchers in this form of motor activity. The lying position is the most economical in terms of energy. It is used in the study of basal metabolism (the amount of energy required to maintain normal body functions with minimal metabolic processes). If a person lies in complete rest after at least 12 hours after eating, then the energy used at each given moment is spent on the work of the heart, respiratory movements and on maintaining body temperature.

There are the following postures:

• lying on your back
• lying on stomach
• lying on side
• fetal position

as well as sports racks:

• lying emphasis
• emphasis lying bent over
• lying on side
• emphasis lying on the shoulder blades

Embryonic pose (sleeping position) — the head is brought to the chest, the arms are bent at the elbow joints and pressed to the body, the hands are clenched into fists, the legs are bent at the hip and knee joints. This posture is due to the predominance of the tone of the flexor muscles. The joints of the extremities are in a physiological position, that is, in the position that ensures maximum rest and unloading of the articular surfaces. Such a position, as a rule, the position of slight flexion of the joints in the English-language literature is called the rest position.

Pose on all fours

Pathological posture — a characteristic posture as a result of dysfunction of muscles and joints as a result of diseases of the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system. For example, the posture for cerebral palsy (ICP), the posture as a result of contracture of the hip joint with coxarthrosis, the flexion posture for ankylosing spondylitis, the posture for torticollis. Some pathological postures have figurative names: the posture of the pointing dog (meningitis) — a posture characteristic of the acute period of meningitis, in which the patient lies on his side with legs bent and brought to the stomach; frog posture — a posture characteristic of spinal hereditary amyotrophy, in which the arms are bent at the elbows, and the legs are at the knee joints, the shoulders are brought to the body, the hips are abducted. [http://www.medicalipedia.com/1/207/214121.html]

Posture and psycho-emotional state of a person

Postures of joy, openness, calmness, sadness, embarrassment … are known, reflecting the internal state of a person.

A person’s emotions and his body are inextricably linked, and changes in one entail a change in the other. Emotions change muscle tension. Changing the position of the body can change the emotional state.

The English researcher, Charles Darwin, in his book (1872) “The Emotions of Men and Animals” conclusively states: “Certain movements and postures (sometimes to a large extent) are capable of evoking the corresponding emotions … Take a sad posture, and after a while you will be sad … Emotions encourage to movement, but movement also evokes emotions.

For example, in response to negative emotions or when tired, a person reflexively, as a result of an innate behavioral instinct, takes the so-called passive defensive posture.

Passive defensive posture characterized by: raised and brought forward shoulders, lowered and pushed forward head, stooped back. With frequent repetition, such a posture can become and often becomes habitual, fixed in the motor posture stereotype.

Of particular note are primary positional disorders in adolescence. So, boys and girls, under the influence of various psycho-emotional complexes, deform their posture — push both shoulders forward and “hunch over”. As a result, a cyclic restructuring of muscle groups is launched and a pathological posture is formed. Poor posture, in turn, contributes to the consolidation of psycho-emotional disorders and the formation of neuroses.

Many diseases of the psycho-emotional sphere (neurosis) are associated with a violation of posture. Chronic fatigue syndrome is the most common disease of modern man (it is also called neurasthenia, vegetative-vascular dystonia). The most common symptom of neurasthenia is a feeling of constant fatigue, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, etc. People suffering from neurosis are always «clamped», they are characterized by uneven muscle tension and poor posture. A person is able to consciously correct the habitual posture and the manner of movement developed over the years, and thereby free himself from existing problems. This, for example, is the basis of Frederick Alexander’s technique and other methods of psychosomatic correction, which help to effectively relax muscles and relieve excessive tension.

working posture

Working posture — the relative position of body parts during the performance of a labor operation is studied by the science of ergonomics (labor hygiene).

• Working postures are divided into free, uncomfortable, forced and fixed.
• Free postures include comfortable sitting postures, which make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts (lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms).
• Uncomfortable working postures include postures with a large inclination or rotation of the torso, with arms raised above shoulder level, with inconvenient placement of the lower extremities.
• Forced postures include working postures lying down, kneeling, squatting, etc.
• Fixed working posture — the impossibility of changing the relative position of various parts of the body relative to each other. Similar postures are encountered when performing work related to the need to distinguish between small objects in the process of activity. The most rigidly fixed working postures are for representatives of those professions who have to perform their main production operations using optical magnifying devices — magnifiers and microscopes.

Currently, more and more attention is paid to the ergonomics of postures of office work and schooling.

Performing school tasks, children, as a rule, are forced to maintain working postures for a long time, which often do not correspond to normal physiology. After the start of school for a child, the amount of time spent in a sitting position increases significantly, and the school desk becomes an important environmental factor. It is generally accepted that it is most convenient to prepare lessons while sitting at the table. However, the long-term experience of boarding school No. 76 in Moscow for children with spinal diseases shows that the quality of education does not decrease at all when studying in the prone position on a special inclined board-desk

Posture and body position in sports

In sports and physical culture, the concepts of “body posture” and “body position” are distinguished.

• Body pose is determined by the mutual arrangement of its biolinks relative to each other in the somatic reference system.
• body positions determined by the relative position of the reference line drawn on the body (the line connecting the projections of the heads of the humerus and hip bones), and the axes of the rectangular coordinate system in the inertial reference system, that is, in relation to the horizon line.

Gymnastics

Gymnastic exercises

When performing gymnastic exercises, postures are distinguished: bending over; hunched over; in a group; wide leg stance apart; lunge with an inclination; the main hand stance to the sides, forward, on the belt, etc.

Body positions are divided into vertical ones: racks (basic, on the shoulder blades, on the head and arms), hangs and stops; horizontal (lying on the stomach, on the back, horizontal balance); inclined (lying back support, oblique lunge, etc.).

Some physical exercises are performed without changing the position of the body and posture while arbitrarily maintaining the immobile state of the body in the somatic reference system (stance in rectilinear motion when skiing, balance, body position when jumping from a height, etc.).

When performing most physical exercises, body position and posture are constantly changing. In this case, only positions can be changed while maintaining a given posture (a straight body when swinging back on the crossbar, maintaining grouping when performing a series of acrobatic somersaults, etc.); only the posture changes while maintaining the position (squatting and standing up, walking, uniform running in a straight line, etc.); positions and postures also change (performing a long somersault; high jump in ways, flip; lifting by kip on the uneven bars; starting acceleration, etc.).

Each exercise has three phases:

• — the starting position from which it is best to perform the exercise; it fixes (isolates) that part of the body that should not participate in the movement at the moment,
• — phase of movement,
• — the final position, most often similar to the initial one.

Initial position (IP) — the most convenient posture for performing physical exercises or other motor actions. Most often in physical culture IP is main rack, but before performing some exercises, it is necessary to take other PIs: kneeling, semi-squatting, crouching emphasis, lying emphasis, lying on the stomach, side or back, hanging, etc.

Main Stand — a position in which the legs are straightened at the joints, the torso is straightened, the head is kept straight, straight, the gaze is directed forward, the arms hang freely to the sides. The usual position of the feet is «heels together, toes apart.» For example, D. Kradman (1928) described the main stance in Swedish gymnastics as follows: “4 points in a single plane: the back of the head, shoulder blades, buttocks and heels, the hands are extended, the chin is lowered, the head is back.”

Power sports. Poses for working with weight

Posture in power sports, which include weightlifting (barbell), bodybuilding (strength gymnastics), kettlebell lifting, powerlifting, reflects their inner content.

Weightlifting — a competition in lifting weights (barbells) when performing certain standardized exercises: snatch, jerk and bench press. The posture in weightlifting is associated primarily with the fixation of the lift of the barbell, due to the rules of the competition, the athlete’s motionless position with the barbell above his head on straightened arms, legs and torso straight, feet on the same line parallel to the bar.

Weight-lifting is, first of all, a mass sport, a sport without age and functional restrictions, a sport of strong people.

Power triathlon (powerlifting) includes 3 exercises: squat with a barbell on the back, bench press on a horizontal bench, deadlift.

The following provisions are fixed:

• — a stationary position of an athlete with a barbell above the chest on straightened arms (in the bench press);
• — with a barbell on the shoulders, the legs and torso are straight, the feet are on the same line parallel to the neck (in a squat with a barbell);
• — with the bar in the arms lowered down, the legs and torso are straight, the feet are on the same line, parallel to the bar, the shoulders are lowered and laid back (in the deadlift).

Body-building is, first of all, the sculptural beauty of the body. At bodybuilding competitions, athletes demonstrate, using spectacular poses, muscle relief, and the correct proportions of the body.

Performing exercises associated with lifting weights is traumatic.

The greatest danger is the lifting of weight in a pose with the torso tilted forward (with deadlift). This body position is associated with a possible overload of the lumbar spine and a high risk of spinal injury with errors in traction technique. The stronger the forward tilt, the less the load on the legs, and the more on the back.

Common deadlift mistakes:

• — tilting the head forward when exercising traction — tilting the head forward relaxes the muscles of the back and leads it to rounding;
• — rounding of the back in the initial or final phase of the thrust — with a rounded back in any phase of the thrust, leads to the fact that the entire load falls on the lower back. [http://www.ironman.ru/powerlifting/tyaga.html].

Biomechanics of the posture with the torso tilted forward:

The forward tilt of the torso is always associated with excessive loads on the thoracic and, to a greater extent, on the lumbar spine. This load is counteracted by the bones and ligaments of the posterior support complex of the spine, as well as the elastic resistance of the compressible and displaced structures of the intervertebral disc — the anterior support complex. If in the position of a vertical stance the body weight is evenly distributed to the rear and front support complex, then when the torso is tilted forward, two options for the position of the body are possible:

1. with flexion of the spine (In this case, the weight of the body is distributed to the anterior support complex).
2. in the position of full extension of both the lumbar and thoracic spine, the tilt of the body is carried out at the expense of the hip joints (In this case, the stronger rear support complex is loaded to a greater extent).

Flexion of the cervical spine (tilting the head forward) due to the cervical postural-tonic reflex facilitates flexion in the lower parts of the spine, and extension (position of the head straight) makes flexion of the spine impossible. Actually, this phenomenon is used by powerlifters and weightlifters when performing deadlifts in order to avoid overloading the lumbar segment.

Water Sports

In sports swimming, the starting position is fixed for starting or for jumping into the water, and in diving, the position of entering the water is also fixed. In diving, a distinction is made between the posture of the starting position (jumping from the front and rear stances, from the handstand) and the posture of vertical entry into the water (head or feet). Great Olympic Encyclopedia

Synchronized swimming, Artistic swimming, «water ballet», a hybrid of swimming, gymnastics and dance, Synchronized Swimming Federation of Russia, a combination of spectacular clear poses — shapes to the music.

Posture in communication and culture. Etiquette

Pose in art

Poses in the visual arts

Man is the main and main theme of fine art.

The creation of a generalized image of a perfect person, beautiful physically and spiritually, is characteristic of the art of the High Renaissance.

The artist who first raised the image of man to such a height was Leonardo da Vinci. His work surprisingly combines the inquisitive analytical spirit of the early Renaissance with its all-encompassing interests and the powerful desire for synthesis, ordering and norm characteristic of the XNUMXth century. Everything attracts the attention of Leonardo, but the main object of study and the main goal of all the efforts of the painter is man. With the greatest care, he examines the internal structure of a person, his proportions and various vital functions, striving on the basis of this analysis to establish certain objective laws and give general rules for artists. Not satisfied with the display of one external appearance, Leonardo peers into human faces with keen interest, trying to find a connection between a person’s experiences and their external manifestations, trying to convey the inner spiritual state through the richness of gestures and the play of physiognomy.

Another famous master of that era, Michelangelo, also creates the image of a perfect person. His David is full of inner dynamics, expression, energy and realism.

The natural majestic beauty of the Renaissance figures, without excessive mannerisms of gestures and postures, the clarity of the proportions and forms of the human body makes these works of art a standard of body position for physiologists and biomechanics. So the sculpture of Michelangelo is a common illustration of the natural posture and posture.

Natural posture (posture) — a posture with predominant loading of one leg — the so-called pose of a sculptural image. The supporting and non-supporting legs change after a short period of time, as a result of which fatigue does not occur so quickly.

When depicting a person, Renaissance masters used various techniques, the main of which is counterpostintroduced in the XNUMXth c. BC e. ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles.

Counterpost — a technique in the visual arts, in which the position of one part of the body is contrasted with the position of another part. Contrapost allows you to convey the movement or tension of a figure without disturbing the impression of its balance, gives additional volume to the image, and dynamizes the rhythm of the figure.

The natural posture is opposed to the anatomical (anthropometric) position of the body — the standard posture used for research (it is also called the Forestier posture): in an upright position, the body’s weight is evenly distributed on the right and left legs. With correct posture, we see a symmetrical arrangement of the head and torso, the legs are straightened, the shoulders are relaxed, the shoulder blades are pressed to the body, the chest is symmetrical.

In the future, the importance of posture in the visual arts increased. The posture conveys not only the harmony of a person, his bodily and spiritual beauty, but also his inner state, aspirations, dreams. Such is the famous «Thinker» by Francois Rodin, according to the artist’s plan, depicting Dante at the gates of Hell, composing his «Divine Comedy». The sculpture has become one of the most recognizable in the mass consciousness, a symbol of the power of the human mind, the expression «pose of a thinker» has become a household word.

In the same year, 1880, the Russian painter Viktor Vasnetsov began work on the painting «Alyonushka», later called by a well-known critic one of the best paintings of the Russian school. In the pose of Alyonushka, in her bent figure, which causes immense pity, in the touching thinness and girlish awkwardness of her whole appearance, Vasnetsov expressed what many Russian songs and fairy tales have been composed for centuries.

Poses of classical dance

Ballet is often referred to as the art of posture. This is especially true for classical ballet, which arose in Europe in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries as a court-aristocratic art. Ballet appeared as a result of the theatricalization of ballroom dancing, which was the alternate performance of figures and the change of poses by the participants to the music. With the development of classical ballet, more and more dynamics, expression, the actual dance, in its modern sense, appeared in it. Elements of the dance were modified, many new ones were introduced. But in our time, posture (position) is one of the main elements of ballet art.

The classical dance lesson begins with exercises (exercises, French exercice) at the barre, and then in the middle of the hall. Students take various poses and perform movements, loading certain muscle groups. Thus, the eversion and strength of the muscles of the legs, the correct setting of the body, arms and head, stability, and coordination of movements are developed.

During the performance, the dancers also take various poses, alternating with each other or with other elements of the dance (jumps, rotations, lifts, etc.).

A pose in classical dance is understood as a stop in motion, during which the dancer’s body is in a position of balance on one leg, called the supporting one. At this time, the other leg (working) is laid forward, to the side or back.

Dance poses are divided into:

• small poses — the working leg is on the floor,
• large poses — the working leg is raised.

The main postures (positions) of classical dance include: a la zgonde (fr. a la seconde), 4 types of arabesque (fr. arabesque), attitude (fr. attitude), croise (fr. croise), efface (fr. efface) , ecarte (fr. ecarte), epolman (fr. epaulement). The path of the working leg during the transition from one pose to another is called a pass (fr. passe).

Pantomime

Pantomime, as a separate genre of art with attributes inherent only to it (taboo on the speech of characters; faces of actors painted with white paint; a certain wardrobe), appeared in Paris at the beginning of the XNUMXth century and has since been a traditional European folk theatrical genre.

The poses of the actors in pantomime are a key element of the performance. With the help of poses, the actor can convey the state of his hero, interact with the space surrounding the hero, including imaginary, “invisible” partners and objects. Also, in short comic scenes, the actors themselves can portray various objects that are familiar to the viewer (teapot, iron, radio, bottle of champagne, etc.).

There are a number of games in which the participants alternately guess the intended objects, depicting them with the help of postures and actions.

There are several directions in modern pantomime, often actors tend to get away from the classic image of a mime clown, making changes to their artistic image.

Cinema

The significance of the poses taken by the actors was extremely high for the silent film era. In the absence of sound, the pose was one of the few expressive means, especially before the use of close-ups, with which facial expressions came to the cinema. To fill the scarcity of expressive means, the following techniques were used:

• expressive postures and gestures of actors,
• ater facial expressions,
• bright contrasting (usually white) make-up, emphasizing facial expressions, emotions on the face of the character,
• captions that convey the general meaning of the dialogues,
• music played by a pianist during a film screening and conveying the mood of a particular scene.

Coloring and toning of film or its fragments was also sometimes used.

Among all these expressive means, posture is the most important for that time. Through exaggerated, sometimes pretentious poses, the viewer was conveyed the experiences of the hero, the passions that overwhelmed him. So, tragic or simply sad events could be accompanied by the hero falling to his knees, wringing his hands in pictures, raising them to the sky. Joyful events, on the contrary, made the heroes hug, dance, etc. In this sense, silent cinema was close to the art of pantomime. The technique of mimes was used, in particular, by comedians and silent film comedians: Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd and others.

After the advent of sound, and later color, in the cinema, the need for theatricalization of the pictorial series disappeared. Cinematography became more and more realistically oriented, the deliberate expression of the poses and movements of the characters remained only in the works of some avant-garde authors (see, for example, David Lynch’s Eraserhead, whose characters are in unnaturally clamped poses).

At the same time, various clichés appeared in genre cinema, some of which are directly related to the poses of the characters. An example is classic westerns, in which duels between cowboys and gunmen take place.

The pose of the hero, closely following the actions of the enemy, is extremely expressive, the angles are as effective as possible, the tension simply hovers over the scene. Especially such episodes are typical for the so-called spaghetti Westerns of European production.

Another example is the «zombie pose». The revived dead walks slowly, somnambulistically, hands limply holds in front of him, his head is turned or tilted slightly to the side. This stereotype became popular after George Romero’s 1968 film Night of the Living Dead.

In general, cinema has given rise to many poses that have become characteristic of fictional or supernatural creatures: ghouls, vampires, werewolves, etc. For example, in the 1973 film The Exorcist, the body of a girl possessed by an evil spirit, during the moments of “attacks”, takes absolutely unnatural, and sometimes impossible poses.

In Asian cinema an important place is occupied by films with martial arts. Heroes often have supernatural abilities, during fights their bodies do not obey the laws of physics. They can take spectacular, but sometimes aimless poses that have a purely aesthetic value: see, for example, «Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon», «Hero» (2002), various anime.

Often the reason for such behavior of heroes is their mythological or semi-legendary nature. In most cases, in modern cinema, characteristic, recognizable poses are inherent in characters in relation to which some stereotypes are formed in the minds of the majority or beliefs and prejudices are strong. It is in this idealized form that modern Europeans see the shooters of the Wild West, and the Chinese or Japanese of their own ancestors. The cinematic poses of the characters are a reflection of this perception.

Interesting Facts

• In complete rest, lying down to maintain life (blood circulation, respiration, metabolism, etc.), a person spends about 1 kilocalorie per hour for every kilogram of body weight. A sitting person spends 1,5 kcal per hour per kilogram of mass, with a calm standing — 1,6. As soon as a person begins to move, energy consumption increases dramatically. On average, when walking on a flat road at a speed of 4 km / h, energy consumption per hour is 200-240 kcal.
• Desks, behind which more than one generation of schoolchildren grew up, were developed at the beginning of the last century by the Russian scientist, the founder of scientific hygiene Fedor Erisman. He studied the structure of the body and the physiology of the child and, based on his research, designed the optimal model of the student’s table. Erisman’s desks have become as much an integral part of the school as a blackboard or chalk. Equipping all schools in the Soviet Union (in 1924) with new wooden desks with an inclined folding top panel, as expected, a decrease in the incidence of scoliosis was obtained.

references

• Clinical Biomechanics. Stance and Stability
• Occupational Biomechanics | Seated Work