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Carl Rogers talks about his approach.
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Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) was an American psychologist, one of the leaders of humanistic psychology.
Self-actualization
Carl Rogers is one of the authors of the concept of self-actualization. Self-actualization, according to K. Rogers, is the actualization of a person’s innate tendency to grow and develop his personality in accordance with what a person should be, is by nature. Rogers believed that human nature has a tendency to grow and develop, just as the seed of a plant has a tendency to grow and develop. All that is needed for the growth and development of the natural potential inherent in man is only to create the appropriate conditions. Look →
I-concept
He considered the self-concept as a fundamental component of the personality structure, which is formed in the process of interaction of the subject with the surrounding (primarily social) environment and is an integral mechanism for self-regulation of his behavior. The mismatch between the self-concept and the idea of the ideal «I», as well as the violation of the correspondence between direct, real experience and the self-concept (in particular, the frustration of the personality’s inherent need for a positive attitude towards oneself and self-esteem) cause attempts to protect the self-concept from the threat disorganization through the activation of psychological defense mechanisms, which manifests itself in the form of either perceptual distortion (or selectivity of perception) of experience, or its ignoring, which, however, does not provide complete harmonization of the personality, and in some cases leads to its serious psychological maladaptation. The most important characteristic of a psychologically mature, “fully functioning” personality is its openness to experience, the correspondence of which to the self-concept is ensured by the flexibility, continuous change, and improvement of the human self.
Non-directive psychotherapy
Video: Carl Rogers consults Gloria.
The system of psychotherapy developed by Rogers, called inductive, client-centered, is designed to ensure that the dissonance between real experience and self-concept is eliminated, contributing to the achievement of their correspondence. The trusting atmosphere of a conversation with a psychotherapist, empathy and a sincere expression of a positive attitude towards the client weaken, and further level the protective mechanisms that block the personality from reality. Thus, it is possible to form an “internal locus of evaluation” in the client, which underlies his independent understanding and reconstruction of his own self-concept in accordance with real life experience.
To call the Rogers method non-directive is hardly correct. Read Maria Villas — Boas Bowen. The Myth of Nondirectiveness: A Session with Jill” and listen to Boris Novoderzhkin’s memoirs, where he shows Rogers’ use of directive techniques in his work.
Psychologist Boris Novoderzhkin talks about the use of directive techniques by C. Rogers.
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Customer
Rogers was the first to introduce the concept of «client» into scientific use. And it wasn’t just a play on words. Behind the terminological change lay a fundamental revision of the entire strategy of psychotherapy. For a patient is someone who is sick and needs help, so he turns to a professional psychotherapist for it. The latter guides him, directs him, indicates the way out of the painful state. A client, on the other hand, is someone who needs a service and believes that he or she could do it himself, but prefers to rely on the support of a psychotherapist. The client, despite the problems that bother him, is still seen as a person who is able to understand them. The concept of the client contained the idea of equality, which is absent in the relationship between doctor and patient.
Publications
- K. Rogers. On becoming a personality: psychotherapy through the eyes of a psychotherapist M .: Progress, 1994